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<p>With the continuous development of composite solid propellants, high-energy storage and controlled-release composite materials have always been the ideal choice. At present, as a high-energy fuel, AN (ammonium nitrate) is widely used in solid propellants, especially in military and aerospace fields, and has been proven to significantly enhance the performance of propellants. This article synthesized two types of catalysts, Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C, and characterized them using XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). To investigate their effect on the thermal decomposition performance of the AN, TG-DSC (thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry) and laser ignition tests were conducted. The results indicate that the activation energy (<i>E</i><sub>a</sub>) of AN is 165.0&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>. Upon the addition of Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C, the activation energy significantly decreases to 152.0&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and 113.5&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. It is observed that the catalytic effect of FeCo–N–C on AN is notably higher than that of Fe–N-C. Among these, using catalysts such as Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C to promote the decomposition and combustion reactions of AN is an effective approach. Furthermore, the decomposition process of AN on the catalyst surface follows the "proton transfer-desorption" mechanism. These catalysts can reduce the activation energy for AN decomposition, enabling rapid decomposition at lower temperatures while improving combustion efficiency. Furthermore, FeCo–N–C catalysts, which contain bimetallic active centers of iron and cobalt, may demonstrate better performance in enhancing the combustion efficiency of AN and controlling the combustion rate. The synergistic effect of these catalysts helps to achieve a more uniform and controllable combustion process in AN, thereby improving the energy output and overall performance of the propellant. In summary, Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C catalysts have significant research value and application prospects in improving the performance of AN-based solid propellants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Heat release and combustion of ammonium nitrate on the influence of Fe-based single-atom catalysts

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • Jingli Xu,
  • Haijian Li,
  • Xin Cao,
  • Yan Zhang,
  • Jianhua Yi,
  • Fengqi Zhao,
  • Kunhong Hu,
  • Yucheng Hao

摘要

With the continuous development of composite solid propellants, high-energy storage and controlled-release composite materials have always been the ideal choice. At present, as a high-energy fuel, AN (ammonium nitrate) is widely used in solid propellants, especially in military and aerospace fields, and has been proven to significantly enhance the performance of propellants. This article synthesized two types of catalysts, Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C, and characterized them using XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). To investigate their effect on the thermal decomposition performance of the AN, TG-DSC (thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry) and laser ignition tests were conducted. The results indicate that the activation energy (Ea) of AN is 165.0 kJ mol−1. Upon the addition of Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C, the activation energy significantly decreases to 152.0 kJ mol−1 and 113.5 kJ mol−1, respectively. It is observed that the catalytic effect of FeCo–N–C on AN is notably higher than that of Fe–N-C. Among these, using catalysts such as Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C to promote the decomposition and combustion reactions of AN is an effective approach. Furthermore, the decomposition process of AN on the catalyst surface follows the "proton transfer-desorption" mechanism. These catalysts can reduce the activation energy for AN decomposition, enabling rapid decomposition at lower temperatures while improving combustion efficiency. Furthermore, FeCo–N–C catalysts, which contain bimetallic active centers of iron and cobalt, may demonstrate better performance in enhancing the combustion efficiency of AN and controlling the combustion rate. The synergistic effect of these catalysts helps to achieve a more uniform and controllable combustion process in AN, thereby improving the energy output and overall performance of the propellant. In summary, Fe–N–C and FeCo–N–C catalysts have significant research value and application prospects in improving the performance of AN-based solid propellants.

Graphical Abstract