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<p>This study examines the combined effects of 10% ethanol, ZnO nanoparticles (50 and 75&#xa0;ppm), and hydrogen enrichment (10 and 15 lpm) on <i>Abrus precatorius</i>-derived biodiesel performance in a single-cylinder variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine operating at compression ratios of 16, 17, and 18 under varying load conditions (25–100%). The study focused on evaluating performance indicators such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), along with emission parameters including carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), smoke opacity, and nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>). Replacing conventional diesel with biodiesel–ethanol blends led to a slight drop-in performance but considerable decreases in most emissions, excluding NO<sub>x</sub>. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles notably improved performance and lowered NO<sub>x</sub> formation, while hydrogen supplementation further enhanced overall performance and reduced carbon-based emissions, with only a marginal increase in NO<sub>x</sub>. Increasing the compression ratio improved BTE and reduced BSFC across all test fuels. The optimum results were achieved at a compression ratio of 18 using the blend B20 + E10 + 75&#xa0;ppm ZnO + 15 lpm H₂, which demonstrated the highest BTE (31.5%), the lowest BSFC (0.205&#xa0;kg kWh<sup>−1</sup>), and significant reductions in CO (0.027%), UHC (37&#xa0;ppm), and smoke (31.75%). Although NO<sub>x</sub> emissions increased slightly with H<sub>2</sub> addition, the lowest value (864&#xa0;ppm) was recorded with nanoparticle incorporation. Taguchi–Grey analysis validated these findings and identified the optimal condition as CR 18, full load, with the aforementioned ternary-nonfuel-hydrogen blend.</p>

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Optimization of diesel engine characteristics using Taguchi method with hydrogen-assisted triple fuel and nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Kamuju Ch Swamy,
  • Somireddi Hemalatha,
  • Jaya Prasad Vanam

摘要

This study examines the combined effects of 10% ethanol, ZnO nanoparticles (50 and 75 ppm), and hydrogen enrichment (10 and 15 lpm) on Abrus precatorius-derived biodiesel performance in a single-cylinder variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine operating at compression ratios of 16, 17, and 18 under varying load conditions (25–100%). The study focused on evaluating performance indicators such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), along with emission parameters including carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), smoke opacity, and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Replacing conventional diesel with biodiesel–ethanol blends led to a slight drop-in performance but considerable decreases in most emissions, excluding NOx. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles notably improved performance and lowered NOx formation, while hydrogen supplementation further enhanced overall performance and reduced carbon-based emissions, with only a marginal increase in NOx. Increasing the compression ratio improved BTE and reduced BSFC across all test fuels. The optimum results were achieved at a compression ratio of 18 using the blend B20 + E10 + 75 ppm ZnO + 15 lpm H₂, which demonstrated the highest BTE (31.5%), the lowest BSFC (0.205 kg kWh−1), and significant reductions in CO (0.027%), UHC (37 ppm), and smoke (31.75%). Although NOx emissions increased slightly with H2 addition, the lowest value (864 ppm) was recorded with nanoparticle incorporation. Taguchi–Grey analysis validated these findings and identified the optimal condition as CR 18, full load, with the aforementioned ternary-nonfuel-hydrogen blend.