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<p>This study presents a three-dimensional numerical model for analyzing the heat transfer behavior of lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules, with applications in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, coupled with a user-defined heat generation model, was employed to investigate the influence of cooling geometry, discharge rate, fluid type, and flow conditions on thermo-fluid performance. The analysis focuses on a 4 × 4 module of 18,650 cylindrical cells simulated in ANSYS Fluent 19.0 by solving the energy, momentum, and turbulence equations. Three air cooling configurations (AC-1–AC-3), two liquid cooling configurations (LC-1 and LC-2), and one hybrid configuration (HC) were developed and analyzed. Simulations were performed for air inlet velocities of 2–4&#xa0;m.s<sup>−1</sup>, water velocities of 0.1–0.7&#xa0;m.s<sup>−1</sup>, C-rates of 0.5C–5C, and inter-cell spacing of 2&#xa0;mm. The results demonstrate that both air and liquid velocities have a significant impact on temperature rise and pressure loss. Among all tested configurations, the hybrid air–liquid (HC) system demonstrated the most efficient thermal behavior, achieving up to a 25% reduction in maximum temperature and keeping it below 310&#xa0;K while maintaining acceptable pressure losses. This CFD-based framework provides a reliable and cost-effective approach for optimizing the design of battery thermal management systems (BTMS).</p>

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Thermal transfer numerical analysis of lithium-ion battery with air-forced and direct liquid cooling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Hajar El Yassini,
  • Kenza Oufaska,
  • Anas El Maakoul,
  • Said Saadeddine,
  • Khalid El Yassini,
  • Rachid Bannari

摘要

This study presents a three-dimensional numerical model for analyzing the heat transfer behavior of lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules, with applications in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, coupled with a user-defined heat generation model, was employed to investigate the influence of cooling geometry, discharge rate, fluid type, and flow conditions on thermo-fluid performance. The analysis focuses on a 4 × 4 module of 18,650 cylindrical cells simulated in ANSYS Fluent 19.0 by solving the energy, momentum, and turbulence equations. Three air cooling configurations (AC-1–AC-3), two liquid cooling configurations (LC-1 and LC-2), and one hybrid configuration (HC) were developed and analyzed. Simulations were performed for air inlet velocities of 2–4 m.s−1, water velocities of 0.1–0.7 m.s−1, C-rates of 0.5C–5C, and inter-cell spacing of 2 mm. The results demonstrate that both air and liquid velocities have a significant impact on temperature rise and pressure loss. Among all tested configurations, the hybrid air–liquid (HC) system demonstrated the most efficient thermal behavior, achieving up to a 25% reduction in maximum temperature and keeping it below 310 K while maintaining acceptable pressure losses. This CFD-based framework provides a reliable and cost-effective approach for optimizing the design of battery thermal management systems (BTMS).