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<p>The thermal management (TM) system of electric vehicles (EVs) lithium-ion batteries based is of great importance because it effects the performance, longevity, and efficiency of the system. A refrigerant direct cooling (DC) has been gradually developed due to high battery energy density. Refrigerant R134a, which is frequently utilized in TM of EVs, may be gradually curtailed due to its high global warming potential (GWP). A small-scale experimental installation is built in this study to test a dual refrigeration loop system that can be used for battery DC and AC in electric vehicle cabins. In two cooling modes of the R134a system, the refrigeration performance of R1234ze as direct replacements for R134a is tested, and the effect of refrigerant amount (RA) on system cooling performance is discussed for low-GWP refrigerants at different ExV openings maintaining the same compressor speed. According to the results, for both cooling modes, the ideal RA for R134a and R1234ze are 700&#xa0;g and 650&#xa0;g, respectively. Although R134a can be readily replaced by R1234ze in current systems, each has unique benefits and drawbacks. The discharge temperature (DT) at R1234ze is the lowest. R1234ze displays a 21.11% and 19.26% fall in coefficient of performance (COP) over R134a.</p>

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Thermal management analysis of electric vehicles using low-GWP refrigerants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月9日

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  • Md Jamil Akhtar,
  • S. P. S. Rajput

摘要

The thermal management (TM) system of electric vehicles (EVs) lithium-ion batteries based is of great importance because it effects the performance, longevity, and efficiency of the system. A refrigerant direct cooling (DC) has been gradually developed due to high battery energy density. Refrigerant R134a, which is frequently utilized in TM of EVs, may be gradually curtailed due to its high global warming potential (GWP). A small-scale experimental installation is built in this study to test a dual refrigeration loop system that can be used for battery DC and AC in electric vehicle cabins. In two cooling modes of the R134a system, the refrigeration performance of R1234ze as direct replacements for R134a is tested, and the effect of refrigerant amount (RA) on system cooling performance is discussed for low-GWP refrigerants at different ExV openings maintaining the same compressor speed. According to the results, for both cooling modes, the ideal RA for R134a and R1234ze are 700 g and 650 g, respectively. Although R134a can be readily replaced by R1234ze in current systems, each has unique benefits and drawbacks. The discharge temperature (DT) at R1234ze is the lowest. R1234ze displays a 21.11% and 19.26% fall in coefficient of performance (COP) over R134a.