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<p>This study introduces a variable-order fractional model (VOGL) to assess the performance of four solar still desalination with four different configurations: conventional solar still (CSS), solar still with hybrid nanofluid (SS + HNF), solar still with phase change material (SS + PCM), and a combined system with both enhancements (SS + HNF + PCM). The VOGL model is compared to the classical integer-order model under varying climatic conditions, showing significantly improved prediction accuracy. The methodology involves formulating energy balance equations for the solar still layers, incorporating a variable fractional order. MATLAB-implemented numerical simulations are verified against summer and winter experimental data. The mean absolute percentage error for water and glass temperatures was reduced to 2.254% and 2.509%, respectively, compared to 9.071% and 11.757% in the classical model. Beyond modeling accuracy, the study evaluates the impact of Ag/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofluids and PCM on system performance. The SS + HNF + PCM configuration yielded the highest productivity at 1.4871&#xa0;kg m<sup>−2</sup>, with energy and exergy efficiencies of 59.15% and 7.58%, respectively. It also achieved the lowest cost per liter ($0.00746/m<sup>2</sup>) and the highest annual enviroeconomic ($777.88) and exergoenviroeconomic ($77.782) savings. Enhanced systems further demonstrated higher CO<sub>2</sub> mitigation and improved sustainability.</p>

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Variable-order fractional model for enhancing solar still thermal performance with hybrid nanofluid and phase change material: 6E analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • E. F. El-Gazar,
  • Ayman Refat Abd Elbar,
  • W. K. Zahra,
  • Shinsuke Mori,
  • T. A. Mouneer,
  • A. A. Hawwash

摘要

This study introduces a variable-order fractional model (VOGL) to assess the performance of four solar still desalination with four different configurations: conventional solar still (CSS), solar still with hybrid nanofluid (SS + HNF), solar still with phase change material (SS + PCM), and a combined system with both enhancements (SS + HNF + PCM). The VOGL model is compared to the classical integer-order model under varying climatic conditions, showing significantly improved prediction accuracy. The methodology involves formulating energy balance equations for the solar still layers, incorporating a variable fractional order. MATLAB-implemented numerical simulations are verified against summer and winter experimental data. The mean absolute percentage error for water and glass temperatures was reduced to 2.254% and 2.509%, respectively, compared to 9.071% and 11.757% in the classical model. Beyond modeling accuracy, the study evaluates the impact of Ag/Fe2O3 nanofluids and PCM on system performance. The SS + HNF + PCM configuration yielded the highest productivity at 1.4871 kg m−2, with energy and exergy efficiencies of 59.15% and 7.58%, respectively. It also achieved the lowest cost per liter ($0.00746/m2) and the highest annual enviroeconomic ($777.88) and exergoenviroeconomic ($77.782) savings. Enhanced systems further demonstrated higher CO2 mitigation and improved sustainability.