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<p>Enhancement in the heat transfer rate of the heat-exchanging fluid can significantly improve the efficiency of a thermal system. Nanofluids have emerged out to be a new promising fluid because of their unique heat-exchanging ability. However, most existing studies are restricted to single-component ferrofluids with limited control over thermal performance. To address this limitation, the present study experimentally investigates the parametric impact and tunability of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of a Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>–Ag hybrid nanofluid, engineered to exploit the high thermal conductivity of silver nanoparticles and the magnetic responsiveness of magnetite nanoparticles. The experiments explore the influence of varying frequency (50–1&#xa0;kHz) and field intensity of an alternating magnetic field (0–2.4&#xa0;mT<b>)</b> on the heat transfer rate. Additionally, the effect of nanoparticles concentration (0.25–1&#xa0;mass%) on HTC is analyzed. Results demonstrate that the HTC is highly susceptible to magnetic field parameters, exhibiting up to a 67.5% enhancement at a field intensity of 2.4&#xa0;mT compared to the base fluid. To further optimize thermal regulation, a split-range fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is implemented to dynamically control fluid temperature by adjusting magnetic field strength and frequency. The FLC-based system achieves comparable cooling performance to the uncontrolled case while reducing heater energy consumption by 2.1% and electromagnetic energy input by 31.8%. The Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>–Ag ferrofluid and control scheme establish a foundation for smart, magnetically tunable thermal management systems applicable to solar thermal devices and advanced heat exchangers.</p>

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Parametric impact and tunability of heat transfer coefficient of water-based magnetic (Fe3O4-Ag) nanofluid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月14日

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  • Kanikdeep Flora,
  • Himanshu Patel

摘要

Enhancement in the heat transfer rate of the heat-exchanging fluid can significantly improve the efficiency of a thermal system. Nanofluids have emerged out to be a new promising fluid because of their unique heat-exchanging ability. However, most existing studies are restricted to single-component ferrofluids with limited control over thermal performance. To address this limitation, the present study experimentally investigates the parametric impact and tunability of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of a Fe3O4–Ag hybrid nanofluid, engineered to exploit the high thermal conductivity of silver nanoparticles and the magnetic responsiveness of magnetite nanoparticles. The experiments explore the influence of varying frequency (50–1 kHz) and field intensity of an alternating magnetic field (0–2.4 mT) on the heat transfer rate. Additionally, the effect of nanoparticles concentration (0.25–1 mass%) on HTC is analyzed. Results demonstrate that the HTC is highly susceptible to magnetic field parameters, exhibiting up to a 67.5% enhancement at a field intensity of 2.4 mT compared to the base fluid. To further optimize thermal regulation, a split-range fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is implemented to dynamically control fluid temperature by adjusting magnetic field strength and frequency. The FLC-based system achieves comparable cooling performance to the uncontrolled case while reducing heater energy consumption by 2.1% and electromagnetic energy input by 31.8%. The Fe3O4–Ag ferrofluid and control scheme establish a foundation for smart, magnetically tunable thermal management systems applicable to solar thermal devices and advanced heat exchangers.