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<p>This paper aims to analyze the three-dimensional electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow of a Williamson nanofluid over a porous, stretching surface, considering Darcy–Forchheimer drag and gyrotactic microorganisms. The governing equations, formulated using the Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion model, are transformed through similarity variables and solved numerically with MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. The bvp4c technique is employed to obtain accurate numerical solutions of the nonlinear system of equations with a tolerance of 10<sup>–4</sup>. The characteristics of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism distribution are presented graphically. The results reveal that magnetic fields enhance velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and microorganism density, while higher Schmidt and Prandtl numbers reduce mass and thermal diffusivity, respectively. Moreover, larger Peclet and Lewis numbers restrict microorganism transport, with sensitivity analysis confirming the dominant parameters influencing thermal and concentration distributions. To verify the correctness and reliability of our present study, we compared our findings with prior studies, demonstrating consistent agreement. The study of nanofluid flow with microorganism-induced bioconvection is significant for improving heat and mass transfer processes in engineering and biomedical systems.</p>

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Combined impact of Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion and EMHD on three-dimensional Darcy–Forchheimer Williamsons nanofluid flow past a porous stretching surface in the presence of microbes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月24日

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  • N. Golden Stepha,
  • G. Swathy,
  • M. Kothandapani

摘要

This paper aims to analyze the three-dimensional electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow of a Williamson nanofluid over a porous, stretching surface, considering Darcy–Forchheimer drag and gyrotactic microorganisms. The governing equations, formulated using the Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion model, are transformed through similarity variables and solved numerically with MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. The bvp4c technique is employed to obtain accurate numerical solutions of the nonlinear system of equations with a tolerance of 10–4. The characteristics of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism distribution are presented graphically. The results reveal that magnetic fields enhance velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and microorganism density, while higher Schmidt and Prandtl numbers reduce mass and thermal diffusivity, respectively. Moreover, larger Peclet and Lewis numbers restrict microorganism transport, with sensitivity analysis confirming the dominant parameters influencing thermal and concentration distributions. To verify the correctness and reliability of our present study, we compared our findings with prior studies, demonstrating consistent agreement. The study of nanofluid flow with microorganism-induced bioconvection is significant for improving heat and mass transfer processes in engineering and biomedical systems.