Incorporation of ternary nanoparticles in medication to reduce an atherosclerotic lesion in a bifurcated artery with compliant walls: fractional second-grade fluid model
摘要
Arterial stenosis in bifurcated arteries is a major contributor to cardiovascular complications due to its effect on blood flow resistance and wall stress. In this study, the hemodynamic response of blood flow through a stenotic bifurcated artery with compliant walls is analyzed using a fractional second-grade fluid model enriched with ternary nanoparticles (Ag(Silver), Cu(copper), and CuO(copper oxide)). Unlike conventional single or hybrid nanofluid approaches, the ternary formulation offers enhanced thermal and rheological properties that improve drug delivery performance. Closed-form analytical solutions were derived under mild stenosis assumptions using Mathematica to evaluate axial velocity distributions and wall shear stress in both parent and daughter arteries. The findings show that ternary nanoparticles produce significantly higher velocity profiles and reduced shear stress compared to nano and hybrid nanofluids. The bifurcation angle exhibited minimal influence on the parent artery but demonstrated an inverse relationship with velocity in the daughter artery. Additionally, compliant wall parameters were observed to increase velocity, while the fractional derivative parameter and relaxation time showed opposite effects on wall shear stress. Beyond hemodynamic improvements, ternary nanoparticles provided a larger surface area and enhanced stability, enabling controlled and prolonged drug release. These properties suggest that ternary nanofluids extend therapeutic circulation times and may enhance treatment efficacy for cardiovascular diseases.
In summary, the integration of ternary nanofluids within a fractional fluid framework presents a promising direction for targeted drug delivery and for the development of improved biomedical strategies to manage atherosclerosis and related vascular disorders.