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<p>This review inspected the stabilisation and thermal conduction mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO)-based NFs based on base fluids/surfactants. GO has excellent intrinsic thermal conductivity (TC) and can significantly improve the heat conduction of base fluids. The properties of the base fluid and the dispersion concentration characteristics of graphene nanosheets strongly influence the thermal performances of GO-based NFs. This study examines the need for additional research to determine the optimal concentration of GO in NFs and the most suitable fluid type with varying surfactant contents. It begins with the introduction and literature available in the focused area. The synthesis techniques for preparing NFs, followed by characterisation, are also discussed. Further, the constituents of NF are discussed along with their importance and applications. Moreover, the effect of base fluid and surfactant on GO-based NFs is discussed. Studies on the molecular interactions between GO, base fluids, and surfactants and investigations into bio-based, eco-friendly surfactants are particularly worthwhile. Concentration of the nanoparticles, temperature, shear rate, morphology, and stabilisation by the surfactants controls the rheology behaviour of GO-based nanofluids, which then experiences transition to non-Newtonian and Newtonian flow. Several regression correlations have already been established to predict thermal conductivity and rheology of GO-based nanofluids, and they are found to be very accurate in different temperatures, concentrations, and hybrid compositions. This research is crucial to achieving a balance between nanoparticle stability and TC. Therefore, we have discussed the factors affecting TC, their strength, and their mechanisms. Finally, we have discussed the future and conclusion in the last section of this review and concluded that the long-term stability and industrial-scale applications of GO-based NFs must be thoroughly investigated to exploit their potential entirely in heat transfer systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Recent breakthroughs in graphene oxide-based nanofluids on thermal conductivity, stability, and mechanism insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月4日

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  • Imran Ulavoor Ahmed,
  • Hussin Mamat,
  • Ye Zar Ni Htwe

摘要

This review inspected the stabilisation and thermal conduction mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO)-based NFs based on base fluids/surfactants. GO has excellent intrinsic thermal conductivity (TC) and can significantly improve the heat conduction of base fluids. The properties of the base fluid and the dispersion concentration characteristics of graphene nanosheets strongly influence the thermal performances of GO-based NFs. This study examines the need for additional research to determine the optimal concentration of GO in NFs and the most suitable fluid type with varying surfactant contents. It begins with the introduction and literature available in the focused area. The synthesis techniques for preparing NFs, followed by characterisation, are also discussed. Further, the constituents of NF are discussed along with their importance and applications. Moreover, the effect of base fluid and surfactant on GO-based NFs is discussed. Studies on the molecular interactions between GO, base fluids, and surfactants and investigations into bio-based, eco-friendly surfactants are particularly worthwhile. Concentration of the nanoparticles, temperature, shear rate, morphology, and stabilisation by the surfactants controls the rheology behaviour of GO-based nanofluids, which then experiences transition to non-Newtonian and Newtonian flow. Several regression correlations have already been established to predict thermal conductivity and rheology of GO-based nanofluids, and they are found to be very accurate in different temperatures, concentrations, and hybrid compositions. This research is crucial to achieving a balance between nanoparticle stability and TC. Therefore, we have discussed the factors affecting TC, their strength, and their mechanisms. Finally, we have discussed the future and conclusion in the last section of this review and concluded that the long-term stability and industrial-scale applications of GO-based NFs must be thoroughly investigated to exploit their potential entirely in heat transfer systems.

Graphical abstract