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<p>The performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are critically impacted by sub-zero operating conditions, posing significant challenges for their application in electric vehicles (EVs). In this study, a thermoelectric device-based temperature control system was employed to rapidly raise the battery temperature and maintain it within the optimal operating range. Experimental results demonstrated that minimizing the warm-up time (25&#xa0;min in the slow strategy vs. 1&#xa0;min in the fast strategy) and achieving thermal uniformity (≤ 3&#xa0;°C deviation in the slow strategy vs. ~ 8&#xa0;°C in the fast strategy) are crucial for preserving battery performance. At − 15&#xa0;°C, the thermoelectric generators (TEGs) fast warm-up recovered 19.9 A h capacity (32% higher than the no-heating case, 15 A h), while the slow strategy maintained superior stability with only 0.9% capacity fade after 100 cycles compared to 4.8% in the fast strategy. TEGs were utilized as external heat sources, effectively elevating the battery temperature with minimal power consumption. These findings highlight the trade-offs between rapid and uniform heating in sub-zero conditions, where the fast strategy offers short-term benefits, while the slow strategy ensures better long-term durability. This study provides valuable insights into the development of advanced thermal management systems for LIBs operating in low-temperature environments. The proposed approach addresses critical challenges in EV battery performance and reliability, paving the way for enhanced commercialization of EV technologies in cold climates.</p>

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Thermoelectric-assisted rapid warm-up of lithium-ion batteries in sub-zero conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Sungmin Na,
  • Taeyun Jung,
  • Kwangjin Park

摘要

The performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are critically impacted by sub-zero operating conditions, posing significant challenges for their application in electric vehicles (EVs). In this study, a thermoelectric device-based temperature control system was employed to rapidly raise the battery temperature and maintain it within the optimal operating range. Experimental results demonstrated that minimizing the warm-up time (25 min in the slow strategy vs. 1 min in the fast strategy) and achieving thermal uniformity (≤ 3 °C deviation in the slow strategy vs. ~ 8 °C in the fast strategy) are crucial for preserving battery performance. At − 15 °C, the thermoelectric generators (TEGs) fast warm-up recovered 19.9 A h capacity (32% higher than the no-heating case, 15 A h), while the slow strategy maintained superior stability with only 0.9% capacity fade after 100 cycles compared to 4.8% in the fast strategy. TEGs were utilized as external heat sources, effectively elevating the battery temperature with minimal power consumption. These findings highlight the trade-offs between rapid and uniform heating in sub-zero conditions, where the fast strategy offers short-term benefits, while the slow strategy ensures better long-term durability. This study provides valuable insights into the development of advanced thermal management systems for LIBs operating in low-temperature environments. The proposed approach addresses critical challenges in EV battery performance and reliability, paving the way for enhanced commercialization of EV technologies in cold climates.