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<p>The influence of continuous spray cooling on photovoltaic panel performance is analyzed using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian numerical model. Simulations were performed for four droplet diameters 35, 55, 75, and 95&#xa0;μm using five strategically positioned nozzles to optimize surface coverage. Five nozzles were selected as the optimal configuration, providing maximum surface coverage with minimal water consumption and avoiding spray overlap. Key indicators, including surface temperature, droplet residence time, liquid film formation, and ambient air temperature, were monitored across the different droplet sizes. The findings indicate that smaller droplets (notably 35&#xa0;μm) significantly enhance cooling performance due to their higher surface-to-volume ratio, which facilitates more efficient heat transfer and increased evaporative cooling. The 35&#xa0;μm droplets achieved a maximum reduction of 27.93&#xa0;K in mean surface temperature and a 12.5% improvement in electrical efficiency compared to the uncooled scenario. In contrast, larger droplets (95&#xa0;μm) demonstrated reduced cooling efficiency and slower evaporation rates. While the 95&#xa0;μm droplets produced the greatest local film thickness, the 35&#xa0;μm droplets resulted in the highest average film thickness. This research emphasizes the fundamental importance of droplet size in determining film characteristics, evaporation dynamics, and airflow-induced cooling. It concludes that 35&#xa0;μm droplets offer the most effective cooling and efficiency gains under equal water usage conditions.</p>

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Performance enhancement of solar panels using micro-droplet spray cooling: a computational study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月25日

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  • Iman Navayi,
  • Mehran Rajabi Zargarabadi,
  • Saman Rashidi

摘要

The influence of continuous spray cooling on photovoltaic panel performance is analyzed using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian numerical model. Simulations were performed for four droplet diameters 35, 55, 75, and 95 μm using five strategically positioned nozzles to optimize surface coverage. Five nozzles were selected as the optimal configuration, providing maximum surface coverage with minimal water consumption and avoiding spray overlap. Key indicators, including surface temperature, droplet residence time, liquid film formation, and ambient air temperature, were monitored across the different droplet sizes. The findings indicate that smaller droplets (notably 35 μm) significantly enhance cooling performance due to their higher surface-to-volume ratio, which facilitates more efficient heat transfer and increased evaporative cooling. The 35 μm droplets achieved a maximum reduction of 27.93 K in mean surface temperature and a 12.5% improvement in electrical efficiency compared to the uncooled scenario. In contrast, larger droplets (95 μm) demonstrated reduced cooling efficiency and slower evaporation rates. While the 95 μm droplets produced the greatest local film thickness, the 35 μm droplets resulted in the highest average film thickness. This research emphasizes the fundamental importance of droplet size in determining film characteristics, evaporation dynamics, and airflow-induced cooling. It concludes that 35 μm droplets offer the most effective cooling and efficiency gains under equal water usage conditions.