<p>This study explores the enhanced heat transfer characteristics of a radiative Sakiadis flow involving a tetra-hybrid nanofluid with Brownian and thermophoretic diffusion effects, highlighting its potential applications in improving the efficiency of solar thermal energy systems and industrial cooling processes. A mathematical model is formulated based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics. The governing PDEs are transformed into dimensionless form using appropriate similarity transformations that incorporate the thermophysical properties of nanoparticles. The resulting nonlinear differential equations are solved using the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). The impact of key parameters, including viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoretic diffusion, on flow characteristics is analyzed. The results reveal that increasing the Eckert number (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$Ec$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Ec</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and thermal radiation parameter (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${R}_{\text{d}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mtext>d</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) enhances the thermal boundary layer, leading to higher heat transfer rates. Conversely, an increase in Brownian motion (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${N}_{\text{b}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>b</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and thermophoretic diffusion (<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${N}_{\text{t}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mtext>t</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) reduces nanoparticle concentration due to enhanced diffusion effects. Furthermore, the computed Nusselt number (<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$Nu$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Nu</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and Sherwood number (<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$Sh$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Sh</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) demonstrate that tetra-hybrid nanofluids exhibit superior heat and mass transfer capabilities compared to mono, bi-hybrid, and tri-hybrid nanofluids.</p>

Radiative Sakiadis flow of dissipative tetra-hybrid nanofluid with Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions of nanoparticles: applications in solar thermal energy

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发表日期：

2025年8月31日

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Muhammad Faisal,
Irfan Anjum Badruddin,
K. Loganathan,
Muhammad Aiyaz,
Ahmed Said Abdel Hafez Zedan

摘要

This study explores the enhanced heat transfer characteristics of a radiative Sakiadis flow involving a tetra-hybrid nanofluid with Brownian and thermophoretic diffusion effects, highlighting its potential applications in improving the efficiency of solar thermal energy systems and industrial cooling processes. A mathematical model is formulated based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics. The governing PDEs are transformed into dimensionless form using appropriate similarity transformations that incorporate the thermophysical properties of nanoparticles. The resulting nonlinear differential equations are solved using the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). The impact of key parameters, including viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoretic diffusion, on flow characteristics is analyzed. The results reveal that increasing the Eckert number ( $Ec$ $Ec$ ) and thermal radiation parameter ( ${R}_{\text{d}}$ $R_{d}$ ) enhances the thermal boundary layer, leading to higher heat transfer rates. Conversely, an increase in Brownian motion ( ${N}_{\text{b}}$ $N_{b}$ ) and thermophoretic diffusion ( ${N}_{\text{t}}$ $N_{t}$ ) reduces nanoparticle concentration due to enhanced diffusion effects. Furthermore, the computed Nusselt number ( $Nu$ $Nu$ ) and Sherwood number ( $Sh$ $Sh$ ) demonstrate that tetra-hybrid nanofluids exhibit superior heat and mass transfer capabilities compared to mono, bi-hybrid, and tri-hybrid nanofluids.