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<p>This two-dimensional numerical study investigates the unsteady natural convection heat transfer using an Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid inside triangular enclosures with different bases and a cooled circular cylinder inside. In this research, the equations governing the flow behavior of the hybrid nanofluid have been solved using the finite element method and analyzed in the Reynolds number range of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14523_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>–<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14523_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10^{4}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The results show that increasing the Reynolds number enhances the pressure distribution (maximum increases from <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14523_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="90" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.01 \;{\text{to}} \;0.055\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.01</mn> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mtext>to</mtext> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>0.055</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and intensifies the vorticity field (from <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14523_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="149" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pm \;0.0018\;{\text{ to}} \; \pm \;0.05\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>±</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>0.0018</mn> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mrow> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>to</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mo>±</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>0.05</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), while the temperature distribution remains relatively unchanged. These findings have implications for the design of compact cooling systems and thermal management devices employing hybrid nanofluids.</p>

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Thermal analysis of natural convection in triangular enclosures with Al2O3−Cu/water hybrid nanofluid flow

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月10日

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  • Sara Khalatbari,
  • Payam Jalili,
  • Ibtehal Alazman,
  • Nouf Abdulrahman Alqahtani,
  • Bahram Jalili,
  • Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa,
  • Hammad Alotaibi,
  • Davood Domiri Ganji

摘要

This two-dimensional numerical study investigates the unsteady natural convection heat transfer using an Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid inside triangular enclosures with different bases and a cooled circular cylinder inside. In this research, the equations governing the flow behavior of the hybrid nanofluid have been solved using the finite element method and analyzed in the Reynolds number range of \(10^{2}\) 10 2 – \(10^{4}\) 10 4 . The results show that increasing the Reynolds number enhances the pressure distribution (maximum increases from \(0.01 \;{\text{to}} \;0.055\) 0.01 to 0.055 ) and intensifies the vorticity field (from \(\pm \;0.0018\;{\text{ to}} \; \pm \;0.05\) ± 0.0018 to ± 0.05 ), while the temperature distribution remains relatively unchanged. These findings have implications for the design of compact cooling systems and thermal management devices employing hybrid nanofluids.