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<p>The performance of solar water heating systems often reduces under low solar irradiance, prompting the integration of photovoltaic (PV) and thermal energy storage solutions. This study presents the fabrication and experimental evaluation of a solar PV water heater with integrated thermal storage (SPWHT) system. The system used a nichrome wire heating rod to convert PV-generated electricity into thermal energy, which is transferred to stored water via aluminum fins. Natural convection facilitates stratified heating, enabling hot water extraction from the top of the storage tank. During the full charging process, the system increased stored water temperature from 34.9 to 90.7&#xa0;°C over six days, storing 93.45&#xa0;MJ of thermal energy with average efficiencies of 11.96% (PV), 81.7% (SWHS), and 91.9% (overnight retention). During the full discharging process, 84.23&#xa0;MJ of energy was released as the stored water temperature decreased from 84.1 to 37.7&#xa0;°C in 3&#xa0;h and 20&#xa0;min. An average temperature rise of 30.6&#xa0;°C was observed across 800&#xa0;L of discharged water. The system demonstrated overnight heat retention efficiencies of 88.28%, 90.29%, and 87.88% for discharging 80, 120, and 240&#xa0;L of water, respectively, over two successive days under diverse usage conditions. Although the system exhibits lower overall efficiency and higher initial cost than the solar thermal collectors, it ensures reliable operation under low solar irradiance. With a projected lifespan of 25&#xa0;years, a levelized cost of energy of $0.0257/kWh, and payback period of 1.48&#xa0;years, the system presents a sustainable, efficient, and economically viable solution for domestic solar water heating.</p>

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Solar photovoltaic water heater with integrated thermal storage: an experimental evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月11日

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  • Dinesh Kumar Saini,
  • Chandrashekara Muniyappa,
  • Avadhesh Yadav

摘要

The performance of solar water heating systems often reduces under low solar irradiance, prompting the integration of photovoltaic (PV) and thermal energy storage solutions. This study presents the fabrication and experimental evaluation of a solar PV water heater with integrated thermal storage (SPWHT) system. The system used a nichrome wire heating rod to convert PV-generated electricity into thermal energy, which is transferred to stored water via aluminum fins. Natural convection facilitates stratified heating, enabling hot water extraction from the top of the storage tank. During the full charging process, the system increased stored water temperature from 34.9 to 90.7 °C over six days, storing 93.45 MJ of thermal energy with average efficiencies of 11.96% (PV), 81.7% (SWHS), and 91.9% (overnight retention). During the full discharging process, 84.23 MJ of energy was released as the stored water temperature decreased from 84.1 to 37.7 °C in 3 h and 20 min. An average temperature rise of 30.6 °C was observed across 800 L of discharged water. The system demonstrated overnight heat retention efficiencies of 88.28%, 90.29%, and 87.88% for discharging 80, 120, and 240 L of water, respectively, over two successive days under diverse usage conditions. Although the system exhibits lower overall efficiency and higher initial cost than the solar thermal collectors, it ensures reliable operation under low solar irradiance. With a projected lifespan of 25 years, a levelized cost of energy of $0.0257/kWh, and payback period of 1.48 years, the system presents a sustainable, efficient, and economically viable solution for domestic solar water heating.