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<p>Pharmaceutical residues in wastewater have emerged as persistent environmental pollutants due to their widespread use, biological activity, and resistance to degradation. These residues, often detected at concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter, pose ecological and health risks by contributing to antimicrobial resistance and endocrine disruption. Conventional analytical methods for detecting such residues are often time-consuming, expensive, and limited in characterizing degradation behavior. This systematic review evaluates the potential of thermal analysis techniques—namely thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), evolved gas analysis (EGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA)—for identifying, characterizing, and assessing the degradation of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater. Across peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025, these methods demonstrated effectiveness in elucidating degradation temperatures (e.g., 100–300&#xa0;°C for amoxicillin trihydrate), identifying by-products, and characterizing adsorbents used in removal processes. For instance, TGA revealed multi-step degradation of pharmaceuticals, while DSC confirmed thermal transitions indicative of purity and stability. Thermal analysis also supported the evaluation of adsorbents' thermal resistance, with many studies reporting adsorbent stability up to 600&#xa0;°C. The integration of TA methods with spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques significantly enhanced analytical sensitivity and selectivity. Despite limitations such as sensitivity at ultra-trace levels and matrix interference, TA methods offer a cost-effective, non-destructive, and complementary approach for environmental monitoring. This review highlights critical research gaps, such as the need for standard protocols, and proposes a roadmap for future studies to optimize and integrate thermal methods in pharmaceutical wastewater analysis.</p>

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Investigation of application of thermal analysis methods in pharmaceutical residues in wastewater: a systematic review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月20日

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  • Meghdad Pirsaheb,
  • Hooman Seifi,
  • Tahereh Gholami,
  • Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein,
  • Forat H. Alsultany,
  • Zuhair I. Al-Mashhadani,
  • Masoud Salavati-Niasari

摘要

Pharmaceutical residues in wastewater have emerged as persistent environmental pollutants due to their widespread use, biological activity, and resistance to degradation. These residues, often detected at concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter, pose ecological and health risks by contributing to antimicrobial resistance and endocrine disruption. Conventional analytical methods for detecting such residues are often time-consuming, expensive, and limited in characterizing degradation behavior. This systematic review evaluates the potential of thermal analysis techniques—namely thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), evolved gas analysis (EGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA)—for identifying, characterizing, and assessing the degradation of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater. Across peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025, these methods demonstrated effectiveness in elucidating degradation temperatures (e.g., 100–300 °C for amoxicillin trihydrate), identifying by-products, and characterizing adsorbents used in removal processes. For instance, TGA revealed multi-step degradation of pharmaceuticals, while DSC confirmed thermal transitions indicative of purity and stability. Thermal analysis also supported the evaluation of adsorbents' thermal resistance, with many studies reporting adsorbent stability up to 600 °C. The integration of TA methods with spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques significantly enhanced analytical sensitivity and selectivity. Despite limitations such as sensitivity at ultra-trace levels and matrix interference, TA methods offer a cost-effective, non-destructive, and complementary approach for environmental monitoring. This review highlights critical research gaps, such as the need for standard protocols, and proposes a roadmap for future studies to optimize and integrate thermal methods in pharmaceutical wastewater analysis.