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<p>Solar water heating systems have grown to 560 GWth of global capacity by 2023, reflecting substantial growth over the past decade, and now supply 63% of global solar thermal domestic hot water needs. A significant research gap exists due to limited studies combining advanced thermal storage, intelligent controls, and novel materials in field-based performance evaluations. This review provides a categorical analysis of solar water heating system (SWHS) advancements, spanning technology, materials, design, controls, heat exchangers, and sustainability. The novelty of this review lies in its holistic integration of thermal, material, and control innovations to evaluate next-generation SWHS performance. Key findings show passive thermosyphon systems operate at 30–50% efficiency, while active pumped systems reach 50–70%, with evacuated tube collectors achieving up to 75%. Innovations nanofluid-based collectors and selective coatings have boosted collector efficiencies by 10–30%, with some advanced systems attaining 80% thermal efficiency. Thermal storage using phase change materials enhances hot water availability, increasing storage capacity by 20–40%. Additionally, advanced heat exchanger designs achieve up to 2.2-fold higher heat transfer rates, significantly boosting system output. Intelligent control strategies and optimized designs yield solar fractions above 70% annually in favorable climates. China leads SWHS deployment despite a recent 9% output decline, followed by India and Brazil, while the UK saw a 65% installation surge in 2023. SWHS adoption delivers clear sustainability benefits, typically offsetting substantial CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and achieving economic payback within 3–7&#xa0;years. Future research should prioritize hybrid SWHS integration with smart grid infrastructure and AI-based adaptive control systems to optimize performance under dynamic environmental and load conditions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A categorical review of advancements, efficiency, and sustainability in solar water heating systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月2日

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  • Vardan Singh,
  • Brajesh Kumar Ahirwar,
  • Prashant Paraye,
  • Surendra Kushwah,
  • Arun Kumar Patel,
  • Prateek Nigam,
  • Rovin Tiwari,
  • V. S. Narayana Tinnaluri

摘要

Solar water heating systems have grown to 560 GWth of global capacity by 2023, reflecting substantial growth over the past decade, and now supply 63% of global solar thermal domestic hot water needs. A significant research gap exists due to limited studies combining advanced thermal storage, intelligent controls, and novel materials in field-based performance evaluations. This review provides a categorical analysis of solar water heating system (SWHS) advancements, spanning technology, materials, design, controls, heat exchangers, and sustainability. The novelty of this review lies in its holistic integration of thermal, material, and control innovations to evaluate next-generation SWHS performance. Key findings show passive thermosyphon systems operate at 30–50% efficiency, while active pumped systems reach 50–70%, with evacuated tube collectors achieving up to 75%. Innovations nanofluid-based collectors and selective coatings have boosted collector efficiencies by 10–30%, with some advanced systems attaining 80% thermal efficiency. Thermal storage using phase change materials enhances hot water availability, increasing storage capacity by 20–40%. Additionally, advanced heat exchanger designs achieve up to 2.2-fold higher heat transfer rates, significantly boosting system output. Intelligent control strategies and optimized designs yield solar fractions above 70% annually in favorable climates. China leads SWHS deployment despite a recent 9% output decline, followed by India and Brazil, while the UK saw a 65% installation surge in 2023. SWHS adoption delivers clear sustainability benefits, typically offsetting substantial CO2 emissions and achieving economic payback within 3–7 years. Future research should prioritize hybrid SWHS integration with smart grid infrastructure and AI-based adaptive control systems to optimize performance under dynamic environmental and load conditions.

Graphical Abstract