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<p>Natural rubber (NR) releases a considerable amount of smoke and heat during combustion, posing significant safety risks in rail transit applications. The purpose of this study was to improve the flame retardancy of NR. Flame-retardant NR composites were prepared using aluminum hypophosphite (AHP), melamine cyanurate (MCA), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The effects of different flame-retardant formulations on smoke density were systematically investigated via a smoke density chamber. Additionally, combustion behavior, thermal decomposition characteristics, and char layer structures were analyzed using advanced analytical techniques, including cone calorimetry, optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrated that the APP/MCA/AHP combination exhibited a significant synergistic flame-retardant effect, reducing smoke release by 27.1% and peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 36.0%, respectively. At an optimized formulation of 70 parts per hundred rubber (phr) APP, 20&#xa0;phr MCA, and 10&#xa0;phr AHP, the composites achieved the following properties: maximum specific optical density of 303, maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) of 70.01&#xa0;kW&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup>, PHRR of 141.70&#xa0;kW&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup>, Shore a hardness of 72, and tensile strength of 14.8&#xa0;MPa. During combustion, a continuous, compact, and intumescent char layer composed of carbonaceous and phosphate components was formed, acting as a thermal-insulating barrier to suppress further combustion. This work provides critical guidance for the development of flame-retardant NR materials in transportation engineering.</p>

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Synergistic flame retardant effect of ammonium polyphosphate/melamine cyanurate/aluminum hypophosphite in natural rubber

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月29日

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  • Chunjiang He,
  • Yuan Ji,
  • Ming Gao,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Dingfeng Pei,
  • Chuanzhi Chen,
  • Meng Qu,
  • Guanghe Sun

摘要

Natural rubber (NR) releases a considerable amount of smoke and heat during combustion, posing significant safety risks in rail transit applications. The purpose of this study was to improve the flame retardancy of NR. Flame-retardant NR composites were prepared using aluminum hypophosphite (AHP), melamine cyanurate (MCA), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The effects of different flame-retardant formulations on smoke density were systematically investigated via a smoke density chamber. Additionally, combustion behavior, thermal decomposition characteristics, and char layer structures were analyzed using advanced analytical techniques, including cone calorimetry, optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrated that the APP/MCA/AHP combination exhibited a significant synergistic flame-retardant effect, reducing smoke release by 27.1% and peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 36.0%, respectively. At an optimized formulation of 70 parts per hundred rubber (phr) APP, 20 phr MCA, and 10 phr AHP, the composites achieved the following properties: maximum specific optical density of 303, maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) of 70.01 kW m−2, PHRR of 141.70 kW m−2, Shore a hardness of 72, and tensile strength of 14.8 MPa. During combustion, a continuous, compact, and intumescent char layer composed of carbonaceous and phosphate components was formed, acting as a thermal-insulating barrier to suppress further combustion. This work provides critical guidance for the development of flame-retardant NR materials in transportation engineering.