<p>A computational analysis of non-Fourier heat transfer properties in a non-Newtonian containing ternary nanoscale particles is presented in this work. Many sophisticated applications require the use of hyperbolic heat conduction models, since the traditional Fourier model is insufficient for describing transient heat transfer patterns. Non-Fourier characteristics, fluid rheology, and suspension of multi-nanoparticles are the factors affecting thermal performance of the fluid. This study provides insights into optimizing heat transfer in engineering applications such as biomedical cooling, thermal energy storage, and advanced material processing. Ternary nanoparticles are combinations of three different types of nanoparticles (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14309_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\text{Cu}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mtext>Cu</mtext> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14309_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\text{Co}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mtext>Co</mtext> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2025_14309_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\text{Ni}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mtext>Ni</mtext> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). Qualitative and quantitative analysis are given. Comparisons are made among the flow of second-grade fluid (with mono, hybrid, and ternary nanoparticles) and temperature profiles, and the Nusselt is studied for the above-mentioned three kinds of nanoparticles. For all this, numerical simulations are performed. The results are validated as the present work can be reduced to the particular case that is already published. Thermal memory effects in mono nanofluid have the strongest impact on temperature profiles relative to the other fluids. Thermal relaxation time characteristics are responsible for controlling the thermal boundary layer. For an optimized transport of heat, the fluid should be non-Ohmic dissipative, or the fluid should be used as a transport medium in the absence of a magnetic field. The highest value of wall heat flux in ternary nanofluid is noticed in comparison to the hybrid nanofluid.</p>

Computational investigation on non-Fourier heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluid under the suspension of ternary nanoparticles: Energy and sustainability analysis

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发表日期：

2025年7月9日

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Asma Kousar,
Abdelatif Salmi

摘要

A computational analysis of non-Fourier heat transfer properties in a non-Newtonian containing ternary nanoscale particles is presented in this work. Many sophisticated applications require the use of hyperbolic heat conduction models, since the traditional Fourier model is insufficient for describing transient heat transfer patterns. Non-Fourier characteristics, fluid rheology, and suspension of multi-nanoparticles are the factors affecting thermal performance of the fluid. This study provides insights into optimizing heat transfer in engineering applications such as biomedical cooling, thermal energy storage, and advanced material processing. Ternary nanoparticles are combinations of three different types of nanoparticles ( $\text{Cu}$ $Cu$ , $\text{Co}$ $Co$ , and $\text{Ni}$ $Ni$ ). Qualitative and quantitative analysis are given. Comparisons are made among the flow of second-grade fluid (with mono, hybrid, and ternary nanoparticles) and temperature profiles, and the Nusselt is studied for the above-mentioned three kinds of nanoparticles. For all this, numerical simulations are performed. The results are validated as the present work can be reduced to the particular case that is already published. Thermal memory effects in mono nanofluid have the strongest impact on temperature profiles relative to the other fluids. Thermal relaxation time characteristics are responsible for controlling the thermal boundary layer. For an optimized transport of heat, the fluid should be non-Ohmic dissipative, or the fluid should be used as a transport medium in the absence of a magnetic field. The highest value of wall heat flux in ternary nanofluid is noticed in comparison to the hybrid nanofluid.