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<p>Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) represents a promising and sustainable solution for long-term energy storage. Phase change materials (PCMs) play a crucial role in LHTES systems by effectively storing and releasing energy during phase transitions. However, their inherently low thermal conductivity (typically 0.2 to 0.7 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>) restricts broader applications. This critical review explores enhancement techniques, with a particular focus on nano-enhanced PCMs (NePCMs), which incorporate nanoparticles to significantly enhance thermal conductivity (up to 300%) and improve charging/discharging rates by over 40%. The review covers the evolution of diverse methods, including the utilization of fins, geometric modifications, metal foams, and nanoparticles, to enhance heat transfer efficiency and optimize energy storage unit charging and discharging processes&#xa0;critical for sustainable energy solutions in thermal energy storage (TES) systems. The review consolidates experimental and numerical findings, evaluates thermophysical improvements, and outlines practical applicability. The review highlights significant advancements in thermal performance achieved through the incorporation of nanoparticles and hybrid enhancement techniques. Moreover, it underscores the urgent need for further research to address existing gaps and explore innovative designs for future thermal energy storage modules, ultimately elevating energy storage capabilities and promoting sustainability. This work offers a comprehensive framework for researchers to develop next-generation TES systems using NePCMs, targeting high energy efficiency and sustainability.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A comprehensive review on enhanced phase change materials (PCMs) for high-performance thermal energy storage: progress, challenges, and future perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月26日

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  • Anjan Nandi,
  • Nirmalendu Biswas,
  • Aparesh Datta,
  • Nirmal K. Manna,
  • Dipak Kumar Mandal,
  • Samarendu Biswas

摘要

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) represents a promising and sustainable solution for long-term energy storage. Phase change materials (PCMs) play a crucial role in LHTES systems by effectively storing and releasing energy during phase transitions. However, their inherently low thermal conductivity (typically 0.2 to 0.7 W m−1 K−1) restricts broader applications. This critical review explores enhancement techniques, with a particular focus on nano-enhanced PCMs (NePCMs), which incorporate nanoparticles to significantly enhance thermal conductivity (up to 300%) and improve charging/discharging rates by over 40%. The review covers the evolution of diverse methods, including the utilization of fins, geometric modifications, metal foams, and nanoparticles, to enhance heat transfer efficiency and optimize energy storage unit charging and discharging processes critical for sustainable energy solutions in thermal energy storage (TES) systems. The review consolidates experimental and numerical findings, evaluates thermophysical improvements, and outlines practical applicability. The review highlights significant advancements in thermal performance achieved through the incorporation of nanoparticles and hybrid enhancement techniques. Moreover, it underscores the urgent need for further research to address existing gaps and explore innovative designs for future thermal energy storage modules, ultimately elevating energy storage capabilities and promoting sustainability. This work offers a comprehensive framework for researchers to develop next-generation TES systems using NePCMs, targeting high energy efficiency and sustainability.

Graphical abstract