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<p>This study investigates the optimal size of stainless steel balls to enhance the productivity of conical solar stills (CSSs). Stainless steel balls offer several advantages, including improved heat transfer, durability, chemical inertness, ease of cleaning, even heat distribution, and cost-effectiveness. Three identical CSSs were designed and tested over 2&#xa0;days, each incorporating stainless steel balls of varying diameters (0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4&#xa0;cm). The first distiller served as a conventional CSS (CCSS) without stainless steel balls, while the second and third distillers were equipped with 41 stainless steel balls of 0.8&#xa0;cm (CSS-SSB-0.8) and 1.0&#xa0;cm (CSS-SSB-1.0) diameters, respectively, evenly distributed at the basin bottom. On the second day, the stainless steel balls in the second and third distillers were replaced with larger diameters of 1.2&#xa0;cm (CSS-SSB-1.2) and 1.4&#xa0;cm (CSS-SSB-1.4), maintaining the same quantity (41 balls) and a constant water basin depth of 4.0&#xa0;cm. The results demonstrated that the CSS with 1.4&#xa0;cm diameter stainless steel balls achieved the highest yield of 8.80&#xa0;kg m<sup>-2</sup>, surpassing the yields of conventional distillers and those with 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2&#xa0;cm balls, which recorded 5.75, 6.85, 7.35, and 8.05&#xa0;kg m<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. The 1.4&#xa0;cm balls exhibited a 54.04% improvement in yield, establishing them as the optimal size for enhancing CSS performance. Furthermore, the system with 1.4&#xa0;cm balls achieved a maximum energy efficiency of 71.26%, representing a 51.76% increase over the CCSS, and a daily exergy efficiency improvement of 275.73%. Economic analysis revealed that the payback period was reduced from 26&#xa0;days for the CCSS to just 16&#xa0;days for the CSS with 1.4&#xa0;cm balls, underscoring its cost-effectiveness. In conclusion, the integration of 1.4&#xa0;cm diameter stainless steel balls into CSSs significantly enhances productivity, energy efficiency, and economic viability, making it the most effective and affordable solution for solar distillation applications.</p>

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Impact of stainless steel ball diameter on heat transfer in conical solar stills: a comprehensive energy and exergy evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月14日

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  • Moataz M. Abdel-Aziz,
  • Abd Elnaby Kabeel,
  • Mohammed El Hadi Attia

摘要

This study investigates the optimal size of stainless steel balls to enhance the productivity of conical solar stills (CSSs). Stainless steel balls offer several advantages, including improved heat transfer, durability, chemical inertness, ease of cleaning, even heat distribution, and cost-effectiveness. Three identical CSSs were designed and tested over 2 days, each incorporating stainless steel balls of varying diameters (0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 cm). The first distiller served as a conventional CSS (CCSS) without stainless steel balls, while the second and third distillers were equipped with 41 stainless steel balls of 0.8 cm (CSS-SSB-0.8) and 1.0 cm (CSS-SSB-1.0) diameters, respectively, evenly distributed at the basin bottom. On the second day, the stainless steel balls in the second and third distillers were replaced with larger diameters of 1.2 cm (CSS-SSB-1.2) and 1.4 cm (CSS-SSB-1.4), maintaining the same quantity (41 balls) and a constant water basin depth of 4.0 cm. The results demonstrated that the CSS with 1.4 cm diameter stainless steel balls achieved the highest yield of 8.80 kg m-2, surpassing the yields of conventional distillers and those with 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 cm balls, which recorded 5.75, 6.85, 7.35, and 8.05 kg m-2, respectively. The 1.4 cm balls exhibited a 54.04% improvement in yield, establishing them as the optimal size for enhancing CSS performance. Furthermore, the system with 1.4 cm balls achieved a maximum energy efficiency of 71.26%, representing a 51.76% increase over the CCSS, and a daily exergy efficiency improvement of 275.73%. Economic analysis revealed that the payback period was reduced from 26 days for the CCSS to just 16 days for the CSS with 1.4 cm balls, underscoring its cost-effectiveness. In conclusion, the integration of 1.4 cm diameter stainless steel balls into CSSs significantly enhances productivity, energy efficiency, and economic viability, making it the most effective and affordable solution for solar distillation applications.