<p>Fundamentals of heat and fluid flow in green energy system is found as an alternative transition technique to achieving a sustainable energy system (combat climate change, energy conversion, renewable energy). Dissipation being an integral part of heat generation and energy transfer in flow medium received no or little attention on conjugate mixed convection model. Considerable attention of this Ethylene Glycol-based hybrid nanofluid is vested on the examination of the Joule and viscous dissipation effects for enhancing nuclear reactor and automotive radiator coolants in mechanical systems. The Tiwari-Das model is employed to incorporate the effects of nanoparticles in the deterministic model. This model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how the presence of nanoparticles influences the system’s behaviour. As such, the model incorporates the dynamics of Joule heating, electric current density, Darcy, and viscous dissipation for <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and Cu nanoparticles in the energy conservation equation. The bivariate spectral local linearization method (BSLLM) is employed to solve the conjugate mixed convection model of Ethylene Glycol fluid suspending <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and Cu nanoparticles, since the governing differential equation is of the two unknown variables. During numerical and graphical simulations, results show that for cooling mechanism, the hybridized nanofluid (Ethylene Glycol + <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> + Cu) outperformed the usual Ethylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol + <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>Al</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>O</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanofluid throughout the cases considered. The results indicate that in the absence of the Eckert number, the Nusselt number decreases by <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$0.205\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.205</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the nanofluid, while increasing by <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$4.639\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>4.639</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the hybrid nanofluid. Additionally, when excluding the effects of conjugate heat transfer, the Nusselt number decreases by <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$11.833\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>11.833</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the nanofluid and by <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$21.438\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>21.438</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the hybrid nanofluid. Lastly, when the electric field effect is removed, the Nusselt number decreases by <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$9.056\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>9.056</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the nanofluid and by <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10973_2024_13875_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$15.156\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>15.156</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the hybrid nanofluid.</p>

Theory of conjugate mixed convection flow of hybridized ethylene glycol based nanoparticles with Joule heating

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年1月8日

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Michael O. Oni,
Mojeed T. Akolade,
Gabriel Samaila,
Taiwo S. Yusuf,
Yusuf Olatunji Tijani,
Abdulhakeem Yusuf,
Peter Bukar Malgwi

摘要

Fundamentals of heat and fluid flow in green energy system is found as an alternative transition technique to achieving a sustainable energy system (combat climate change, energy conversion, renewable energy). Dissipation being an integral part of heat generation and energy transfer in flow medium received no or little attention on conjugate mixed convection model. Considerable attention of this Ethylene Glycol-based hybrid nanofluid is vested on the examination of the Joule and viscous dissipation effects for enhancing nuclear reactor and automotive radiator coolants in mechanical systems. The Tiwari-Das model is employed to incorporate the effects of nanoparticles in the deterministic model. This model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how the presence of nanoparticles influences the system’s behaviour. As such, the model incorporates the dynamics of Joule heating, electric current density, Darcy, and viscous dissipation for ${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$ ${Al}_{2} O_{3}$ and Cu nanoparticles in the energy conservation equation. The bivariate spectral local linearization method (BSLLM) is employed to solve the conjugate mixed convection model of Ethylene Glycol fluid suspending ${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$ ${Al}_{2} O_{3}$ and Cu nanoparticles, since the governing differential equation is of the two unknown variables. During numerical and graphical simulations, results show that for cooling mechanism, the hybridized nanofluid (Ethylene Glycol + ${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$ ${Al}_{2} O_{3}$ + Cu) outperformed the usual Ethylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol + ${\textrm{Al}}_{2}{\textrm{O}}_{3}$ ${Al}_{2} O_{3}$ nanofluid throughout the cases considered. The results indicate that in the absence of the Eckert number, the Nusselt number decreases by $0.205\%$ $0.205 %$ for the nanofluid, while increasing by $4.639\%$ $4.639 %$ for the hybrid nanofluid. Additionally, when excluding the effects of conjugate heat transfer, the Nusselt number decreases by $11.833\%$ $11.833 %$ for the nanofluid and by $21.438\%$ $21.438 %$ for the hybrid nanofluid. Lastly, when the electric field effect is removed, the Nusselt number decreases by $9.056\%$ $9.056 %$ for the nanofluid and by $15.156\%$ $15.156 %$ for the hybrid nanofluid.