A comprehensive review of nanoparticles coating as a technique to improve the performance of solar distiller productivity

Nanoparticle coatings present a highly effective method for significantly enhancing the performance of solar distillers by improving heat transfer, evaporation, and condensation processes. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the current research on nanoparticle-coated solar stills, highlighting how nanoparticles improve thermal conductivity, absorb solar energy more efficiently, and promote dropwise condensation to increase freshwater productivity. Various nanoparticles, including metal oxides and carbon-based materials, have been studied for their ability to optimize solar still performance. However, challenges such as nanoparticle stability, cost, and environmental impact remain. This paper consolidates research efforts, analyses key findings, and outlines future directions for advancing the application of nanoparticle coatings in sustainable water purification technologies.