Thermal management of battery cell module using a hybrid nanofluid filled inverted right-angled porous triangular cavity through natural convection

The study investigates the approach to enhance the thermal management of battery cell module by attaching number of inverted triangular cavity to its casing. A sinusoidal heating is considered to battery cell module or a left wall of the cavity. The sinusoidal heated region is considered to be a function of amplitude ratio. The objective is to transfer the heat from module using natural convection process. The enhanced heat transfer is possible by adopting hybrid nanofluid in a triangular cavity due to its improved thermophysical properties. Thus, the investigation on natural convection heat transfer, fluid flow, and irreversibility within an inverted right-angled triangular porous cavity is conducted. Numerical results are obtained through an own-house FORTRAN coding, that uses the streamfunction–vorticity algorithm. The numerical results are derived for various values with Rayleigh number ( \({10}^{3}-{10}^{6}\) ${10}^3-{10}^6$ ), Darcy number ( \({10}^{-5}-{10}^{-1})\) ${10}^{-5}-{10}^{-1})$ , Hartmann number ( \(0-50)\) $0-50)$ , amplitude ratio ( \(0.0-0.9\) $0.0-0.9$ ) and volume fraction of nanoparticles ( \(0.01-0.04\) $0.01-0.04$ ), respectively. The irreversibility and flow results are compared with the various hybrid nanofluids. The study indicates that opting inverted right-angled triangular cavity rather than a square shape leads to an improvement in heat transfer. Accordingly, this inverted right-angled triangular cavity natural convective cooling can be considered as optimum design with the battery cell module for improved thermal management.