Numerical exploration of the entropy generation in tri-hybrid nanofluid flow across a curved stretching surface subject to exponential heat source/sink

Ternary hybrid nanofluids (Thnf) are used in several fields, including enhancements of heat transfer, solar power systems, medical devices, electronics cooling, aviation industry, and automotive sector. Furthermore, Thnf provide a versatile solution to boost energy transport for the industrial applications. In the current analysis, an incompressible magnetized Thnf flow with the natural convection through a curved surface using Darcy–Forchheimer medium is addressed. The heat transfer is simulated by using the Cattaneo–Christov (C–C) heat flux model. Aluminum alloys (Ti₆Al₄V, AA7072 and AA7075) are dispersed in water (H₂O) and ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂) to synthesize the modified hybrid nanofluid. The model equations are reform into ODEs (ordinary differential equations) by using the similarity substitution. The non-dimensional set of ODEs is further numerically estimated through PCM (Parametric continuation method). The physical behavior of velocity, energy outline, Nusselt number and skin friction for distinct values of emerging variables are computed and analyzed in detail. The finding reveals that an improvement in entropy generation has been observed versus the rising values of unsteadiness and variable porosity parameters. The rising effect of permeability parameter enhances the velocity curve; whereas, fluid velocity drops with the influence of inertia coefficient.