The volume fraction of nanoparticles and temperature effects on thermal conductivity of SWCNT–Fe₃O₄–CuO/ethylene glycol–water ternary hybrid nanofluid: experimental, numerical, and statistical investigations

In the present research, after preparing a new generation of SWCNT–Fe₃O₄–CuO/ethylene glycol (EG)–water ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF), the thermal conductivity (TC) and its effective factors (solid volume fraction (SVF) and temperature (T)) are studied. Results show that the increase in T and SVF has a very favorable effect on the process of optimizing the TC of THNF. The change in thermal conductivity enhancement (TCE) in this study is 2.9% < TCE < 39.2%. The effect of temperature and SVF is compared with each other. The maximum effect of SVF in this experiment was 28.2%, and the maximum effect of T is 8.10%. Therefore, it can be said that SVF is more effective in increasing TCE. Then, numerical and statistical evaluations of TC performance using statistical investigation are performed. R-squared and adj R-squared values confirm the quality and validity of the model, and the MOD range is − 2 to + 2.5.