Unsteady two-phase hybrid nanofluid flow in a wavy enclosure with heated cylinder

In the present study, the time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective flow of a hybrid alumina–silver/water nanoliquid within a wavy-walled trapezoidal cavity which contains a solid heat-generating and rotating cylinder is considered . The mass transport and convective heat transfer within the hybrid nanofluid are described using a two-phase approach, which accounts for Brownian and thermophoretic effects. The penalty finite element technique is employed so that a numerical approximation for the model equations is obtained, and the impacts of alumina and silver nanoparticle sizes and cylinder size on the isotherms, streamlines, mean Nusselt number and nanoparticle concentration distributions are explored. From the numerical results, it was determined that the temperature of the nanoliquid and non-uniformity of the nanoparticle distribution are enhanced with increased cylinder size and reduced nanoparticle diameters. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate on the cylinder surface increases when the cylinder size is increased and the nanoparticle diameters are decreased.