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<p>A series of activated carbons was fabricated from a biomass precursor using physical (steam) and chemical activation routes (H₃PO₄, KOH, and ZnCl₂), and their photocatalytic performance toward methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible-light irradiation was systematically investigated. The activation strategy strongly influenced the textural characteristics, optical properties, and charge-carrier dynamics of the resulting materials. Chemical activation, particularly with KOH and ZnCl₂, led to the development of hierarchical micro–mesoporous structures, significantly larger specific surface areas (750–976 m<sup>2</sup>/g), and narrowed optical band gaps (2.95–2.74 eV), enabling enhanced light absorption and improved adsorption capability. Among the samples, AC–ZnCl₂ exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving nearly complete MB degradation (98.1%) with a superior apparent rate constant (<i>k</i> = 0.0498 min⁻¹), attributed to reduced electron–hole recombination as evidenced by pronounced PL quenching. AC–ZnCl₂ maintained over 89% MB degradation efficiency after four reuse cycles, demonstrating excellent stability for practical wastewater treatment. These findings demonstrate that tailoring the activation chemistry provides a highly effective approach to optimizing the photocatalytic properties of biomass-derived activated carbons for environmental remediation applications.</p><p></p>

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Tailoring porosity and band gap of pistachio shell–derived carbons via different activation strategies for efficient photodegradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Mojtaba Alboghobeish,
  • Ahmad Gholizadeh,
  • Sadaf Bashirkhan

摘要

A series of activated carbons was fabricated from a biomass precursor using physical (steam) and chemical activation routes (H₃PO₄, KOH, and ZnCl₂), and their photocatalytic performance toward methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible-light irradiation was systematically investigated. The activation strategy strongly influenced the textural characteristics, optical properties, and charge-carrier dynamics of the resulting materials. Chemical activation, particularly with KOH and ZnCl₂, led to the development of hierarchical micro–mesoporous structures, significantly larger specific surface areas (750–976 m2/g), and narrowed optical band gaps (2.95–2.74 eV), enabling enhanced light absorption and improved adsorption capability. Among the samples, AC–ZnCl₂ exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving nearly complete MB degradation (98.1%) with a superior apparent rate constant (k = 0.0498 min⁻¹), attributed to reduced electron–hole recombination as evidenced by pronounced PL quenching. AC–ZnCl₂ maintained over 89% MB degradation efficiency after four reuse cycles, demonstrating excellent stability for practical wastewater treatment. These findings demonstrate that tailoring the activation chemistry provides a highly effective approach to optimizing the photocatalytic properties of biomass-derived activated carbons for environmental remediation applications.