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<p>Biofilm formation enhances bacterial resistance, posing major challenges in infection control. This study developed biocompatible magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles with improved antibiofilm activity. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and functionalized with gum Arabic (GA) and folic acid (FA). XRD confirmed a pure cubic spinel structure, while FTIR verified successful surface modification. FESEM revealed quasi-spherical, well-dispersed particles, and UV–Vis analysis showed slight shifts in optical absorption after functionalization. VSM results indicated soft magnetic behavior, with increased saturation magnetization in FA-coated samples and a slight reduction in GA-coated ones. Hemolysis assays confirmed good biocompatibility (&lt;5% hemolysis at 100–400 µg/mL). In combination with H₂O₂, FA-coated Fe₃O₄ nanozymes exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> biofilms. These findings demonstrate that surface functionalization effectively enhances the magnetic, catalytic, and antibiofilm properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Magnetic enhancement of Fe3O4 nanoparticles through dual surface modification against biofilm formation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Nwar A. Yousif,
  • Selma M. H. AL-Jawad,
  • Ali A. Taha,
  • Hawraa H. Abbas

摘要

Biofilm formation enhances bacterial resistance, posing major challenges in infection control. This study developed biocompatible magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles with improved antibiofilm activity. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and functionalized with gum Arabic (GA) and folic acid (FA). XRD confirmed a pure cubic spinel structure, while FTIR verified successful surface modification. FESEM revealed quasi-spherical, well-dispersed particles, and UV–Vis analysis showed slight shifts in optical absorption after functionalization. VSM results indicated soft magnetic behavior, with increased saturation magnetization in FA-coated samples and a slight reduction in GA-coated ones. Hemolysis assays confirmed good biocompatibility (<5% hemolysis at 100–400 µg/mL). In combination with H₂O₂, FA-coated Fe₃O₄ nanozymes exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. These findings demonstrate that surface functionalization effectively enhances the magnetic, catalytic, and antibiofilm properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract