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<p>Environmental contamination by various pharmaceutical materials has far reached negative impacts on the lives of human beings. Therefore, multiple strategies has been adopted to eliminate these contaminants from the water bodies. One of these strategies is the use of composite materials, therefore ternary composite has been designed to mitigate ciprofloxacin (CFX). In order to synthesize desired ternary composites initially Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>/BiOX binary composite and Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were synthesized by hydrothermal approach and their equimolar ratios were used to prepare ternary composites using ultrasonication method. The structural and morphological properties were confirmed by powder XRD and FE-SEM analysis. The elemental composition and functional group detection were carried out using EDX and FT-IR spectroscopy. Further, UV-visible and PL spectroscopy were used to understand the optical properties of the ternary composites. BET analysis was used to figure out surface area and porosity of the most active composite material. In addition, the Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>/BiOX exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic potential for the degradation of CFX due to heterojunction, which improved the light absorption ability and e<sup>–</sup>/h<sup>+</sup> pairs separation efficiency. Even after several times use the Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>/BiOX material had rather high activity and stability. Further, the photocatalytic degradation was fine-tuned by varying halogens in BiOX which is the part of ternary composite. The photocatalytic degradation rate over ternary composites Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>/BiOCl (BWO-Cl), Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>/BiOBr (BWO-Br) and Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>/BiOI (BWO-I) are 92.61%, 90.14% and 87.88%, respectively. The kinetic studies confirmed that BWO-Cl followed pseudo first order reaction kinetics scavenging tests confirmed that superoxide radicals (·O<sup>2−</sup>) and holes (h<sup>+</sup>) are the key reactive species in degradation reaction of CFX. In this work all bismuth based compounds were used for the development of bismuth based ternary composites which intern enhanced the visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of CFX.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Tuning the sunlight-driven photocatalysis via halide variation in BiOX/Bi2WO6/Bi2O3 (X = Cl, Br, I) for ciprofloxacin removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Muhammad Naeem,
  • Muhammad Imran,
  • Shoomaila Latif,
  • Adnan Ashraf,
  • Muhammad Aadil,
  • Muhammad Asam Raza,
  • Qasim Raza

摘要

Environmental contamination by various pharmaceutical materials has far reached negative impacts on the lives of human beings. Therefore, multiple strategies has been adopted to eliminate these contaminants from the water bodies. One of these strategies is the use of composite materials, therefore ternary composite has been designed to mitigate ciprofloxacin (CFX). In order to synthesize desired ternary composites initially Bi2WO6/BiOX binary composite and Bi2O3 were synthesized by hydrothermal approach and their equimolar ratios were used to prepare ternary composites using ultrasonication method. The structural and morphological properties were confirmed by powder XRD and FE-SEM analysis. The elemental composition and functional group detection were carried out using EDX and FT-IR spectroscopy. Further, UV-visible and PL spectroscopy were used to understand the optical properties of the ternary composites. BET analysis was used to figure out surface area and porosity of the most active composite material. In addition, the Bi2O3/Bi2WO6/BiOX exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic potential for the degradation of CFX due to heterojunction, which improved the light absorption ability and e–/h+ pairs separation efficiency. Even after several times use the Bi2O3/Bi2WO6/BiOX material had rather high activity and stability. Further, the photocatalytic degradation was fine-tuned by varying halogens in BiOX which is the part of ternary composite. The photocatalytic degradation rate over ternary composites Bi2O3/Bi2WO6/BiOCl (BWO-Cl), Bi2O3/Bi2WO6/BiOBr (BWO-Br) and Bi2O3/Bi2WO6/BiOI (BWO-I) are 92.61%, 90.14% and 87.88%, respectively. The kinetic studies confirmed that BWO-Cl followed pseudo first order reaction kinetics scavenging tests confirmed that superoxide radicals (·O2−) and holes (h+) are the key reactive species in degradation reaction of CFX. In this work all bismuth based compounds were used for the development of bismuth based ternary composites which intern enhanced the visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of CFX.

Graphical Abstract