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<p>Brownmillerite Ca<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a modified Pechini sol-gel method, yielding a crystallite size of 41 ± 7 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the orthorhombic phase with lattice parameters (<i>a</i> = 5.559 Å, <i>b</i> = 14.771 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.429 Å), consistent with JCPDS data. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified Fe–O–Fe and Ca–O bonds, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) verified the desired stoichiometric Ca:Fe:O ratios. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an irregular, layered morphology with a high surface area, suitable for catalytic applications. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 361 nm, a direct bandgap of 1.89 eV, and an Urbach energy of 0.182 eV, indicating strong optoelectronic potential. The NPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, degrading 94% of Toluidine Blue (TB) dye in 120 min following first-order kinetics (<i>k</i> = 0.02366 min<sup>−1</sup>). For industrial wastewater, they achieved 99% hydrocarbon (OIW) removal and 94% total suspended solids (TSS) removal in 60 min under sunlight, along with &gt;99% heavy metal extraction (e.g., Se, Mo, Sb, As). Driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, Ca<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> NPs provide a sustainable and efficient solution for environmental remediation, particularly for dye-contaminated and petroleum wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Modified Pechini-synthesized Brownmillerite Ca2Fe2O5 nanoparticles with superior photocatalytic and multifunctional wastewater treatment performance: from dye degradation to petroleum effluent remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Ouarda Ben Ali,
  • Abderrhmane Bouafia,
  • Souhaila Meneceur,
  • Ghani Rihia,
  • Mohammed Sadok Mahboub,
  • Souheyla Chami,
  • Salah Eddine Laouini

摘要

Brownmillerite Ca2Fe2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a modified Pechini sol-gel method, yielding a crystallite size of 41 ± 7 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the orthorhombic phase with lattice parameters (a = 5.559 Å, b = 14.771 Å, c = 5.429 Å), consistent with JCPDS data. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified Fe–O–Fe and Ca–O bonds, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) verified the desired stoichiometric Ca:Fe:O ratios. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an irregular, layered morphology with a high surface area, suitable for catalytic applications. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 361 nm, a direct bandgap of 1.89 eV, and an Urbach energy of 0.182 eV, indicating strong optoelectronic potential. The NPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, degrading 94% of Toluidine Blue (TB) dye in 120 min following first-order kinetics (k = 0.02366 min−1). For industrial wastewater, they achieved 99% hydrocarbon (OIW) removal and 94% total suspended solids (TSS) removal in 60 min under sunlight, along with >99% heavy metal extraction (e.g., Se, Mo, Sb, As). Driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, Ca2Fe2O5 NPs provide a sustainable and efficient solution for environmental remediation, particularly for dye-contaminated and petroleum wastewater treatment.

Graphical Abstract