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<p>Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown promising biomedical potential, particularly as antifungal agents, with plant-derived bioactive compounds acting as stabilizing and reducing agents. This study introduces an eco-friendly approach for synthesizing AgNPs using frankincense (<i>Boswellia sacra</i>) resin as a natural stabilizing and reducing agent under hydrothermal conditions. The synthesis occurred at 200 °C for 6 h in a frankincense resin dispersion, yielding stable, spherical AgNPs with average sizes of 17.05 ± 13.14 nm, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The zeta potential of −32 mV indicated a strong surface charge and good colloidal stability. Furthermore, the synthesis of AgNPs is confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic absorption spectra, which display a peak of surface plasmon resonance at around 438 nm. X-ray diffraction investigation revealed distinct peaks corresponding to the face-centered cubic structure of metallic silver. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated the presence of functional groups from frankincense resin, implying their involvement in capping and stabilizing the AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed significant antifungal efficacy against <i>Candida africana</i>, <i>Aspergillus terreus</i>, and <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, as assessed by the agar well diffusion technique. The results exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition, with maximal zone diameters of 22 ± 1.8, 29.1 ± 0.6, and 33.5 ± 1.2 mm, respectively, at 120 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of AgNPs were determined using the broth microdilution method, showing 128 µg/mL for <i>C. africana</i>, 64 µg/mL for <i>A. terreus</i>, and 32 µg/mL for <i>A. flavus</i>. This one-pot green hydrothermal method demonstrates an efficient, low-cost, and sustainable alternative for producing AgNPs, with frankincense serving as a natural reducing and surface-modifying agent that enhances the antifungal efficacy of the nanoparticles.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green hydrothermal synthesis of silver nanoparticles using frankincense resin dispersion and their antifungal properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • Hakim Fadhil Kudhair,
  • S. A. Abdulateef,
  • Mustafa Shamkhi Abbood,
  • Naser M. Ahmed

摘要

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown promising biomedical potential, particularly as antifungal agents, with plant-derived bioactive compounds acting as stabilizing and reducing agents. This study introduces an eco-friendly approach for synthesizing AgNPs using frankincense (Boswellia sacra) resin as a natural stabilizing and reducing agent under hydrothermal conditions. The synthesis occurred at 200 °C for 6 h in a frankincense resin dispersion, yielding stable, spherical AgNPs with average sizes of 17.05 ± 13.14 nm, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The zeta potential of −32 mV indicated a strong surface charge and good colloidal stability. Furthermore, the synthesis of AgNPs is confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic absorption spectra, which display a peak of surface plasmon resonance at around 438 nm. X-ray diffraction investigation revealed distinct peaks corresponding to the face-centered cubic structure of metallic silver. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated the presence of functional groups from frankincense resin, implying their involvement in capping and stabilizing the AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed significant antifungal efficacy against Candida africana, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus flavus, as assessed by the agar well diffusion technique. The results exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition, with maximal zone diameters of 22 ± 1.8, 29.1 ± 0.6, and 33.5 ± 1.2 mm, respectively, at 120 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of AgNPs were determined using the broth microdilution method, showing 128 µg/mL for C. africana, 64 µg/mL for A. terreus, and 32 µg/mL for A. flavus. This one-pot green hydrothermal method demonstrates an efficient, low-cost, and sustainable alternative for producing AgNPs, with frankincense serving as a natural reducing and surface-modifying agent that enhances the antifungal efficacy of the nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract