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<p>This study evaluates the ecotoxicological effects of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the sol-gel method, using aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, nitric acid and glycerol. Three different samples Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-1.5, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-2.5 and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-3.5 labeled according to the alkoxide:water molar ratios of 1:1.5, 1:2.5, and 1:3.5, respectively, were obtained. The nanoparticles were tested to assess their effect on nanoparticle characteristics and their ecotoxicity in <i>Eisenia foetida</i> and <i>Artemia salina</i>. The samples were calcined at 600 °C for 2 h and characterized. Variation in water content affected the infrared bands, with a slight blue-shift towards larger wavenumbers (ca. 830 cm<sup>−1</sup>) for the Al-OH. Mesoporosity was assessed by N<sub>2</sub> adsorption, with specific surface area of 266, 218, and 220 m<sup>2</sup>/g for Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-1.5, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-2.5 and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-3.5, respectively. Semi-spheroidal shaped particles with sizes ranging from 10 up to 35 nm were observed in all samples. The hydrodynamic size was lower for the sample Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-3.5 (143 nm), as well as zeta potential (−5.27 mV). The three as-synthesized alumina samples induced mortality in <i>Artemia salina</i> species obtaining lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) values of 185.85, 144.95, and 174.65 mg/L for the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-1.5, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-2.5 and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-3.5, respectively with a statistical significance (<i>p</i>-value) &gt; 0.05. However, these concentrations were higher than those found for K₂Cr₂O₇ (LC₅₀ = 9.9 mg/L), which can be interpreted as less ecotoxic compounds than the positive control. Fluorescence microscopy with acridine orange confirmed low cellular damage, with green fluorescence in NPs-treated nauplii, contrasting with severe damage and yellow fluorescence in those exposed to K₂Cr₂O₇. No mortality was observed in <i>E. foetida</i> during 14 days of exposure, and the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-3.5 showed the least impact on weight loss (<i>p</i>-value ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that surface area, pore volume, and zeta potential, play an important role in the ecotoxicity of the synthesized NPs.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Alumina nanoparticles obtained via a glycerol-modified sol-gel route and the assessment of their ecotoxicological potential in Artemia salina and Eisenia foetida in vivo models

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Erandy G. Gallegos Martínez,
  • Viridiana W. Velázquez Vázquez,
  • Patricia Quintana Owen,
  • Susana del C. de la Rosa García,
  • Mayra A. Alvarez Lemus

摘要

This study evaluates the ecotoxicological effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the sol-gel method, using aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, nitric acid and glycerol. Three different samples Al2O3-1.5, Al2O3-2.5 and Al2O3-3.5 labeled according to the alkoxide:water molar ratios of 1:1.5, 1:2.5, and 1:3.5, respectively, were obtained. The nanoparticles were tested to assess their effect on nanoparticle characteristics and their ecotoxicity in Eisenia foetida and Artemia salina. The samples were calcined at 600 °C for 2 h and characterized. Variation in water content affected the infrared bands, with a slight blue-shift towards larger wavenumbers (ca. 830 cm−1) for the Al-OH. Mesoporosity was assessed by N2 adsorption, with specific surface area of 266, 218, and 220 m2/g for Al2O3-1.5, Al2O3-2.5 and Al2O3-3.5, respectively. Semi-spheroidal shaped particles with sizes ranging from 10 up to 35 nm were observed in all samples. The hydrodynamic size was lower for the sample Al2O3-3.5 (143 nm), as well as zeta potential (−5.27 mV). The three as-synthesized alumina samples induced mortality in Artemia salina species obtaining lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) values of 185.85, 144.95, and 174.65 mg/L for the Al2O3-1.5, Al2O3-2.5 and Al2O3-3.5, respectively with a statistical significance (p-value) > 0.05. However, these concentrations were higher than those found for K₂Cr₂O₇ (LC₅₀ = 9.9 mg/L), which can be interpreted as less ecotoxic compounds than the positive control. Fluorescence microscopy with acridine orange confirmed low cellular damage, with green fluorescence in NPs-treated nauplii, contrasting with severe damage and yellow fluorescence in those exposed to K₂Cr₂O₇. No mortality was observed in E. foetida during 14 days of exposure, and the Al2O3-3.5 showed the least impact on weight loss (p-value ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that surface area, pore volume, and zeta potential, play an important role in the ecotoxicity of the synthesized NPs.

Graphical Abstract