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<p>Valorizing invasive aquatic biomass as a sustainable nanomaterial source represents a promising yet underexplored route toward functional biodegradable polymers. In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully extracted from <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> (water hyacinth), an abundant, low-cost, and fast-growing invasive plant, through sulfuric acid hydrolysis and used to reinforce poly(vinyl alcohol)–chitosan (PVA-CS) blend films. The incorporation of prepared CNCs significantly improved the tensile strength, hydrophilicity, and surface morphology, as verified by tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements of the films. The obtained CNC@PVA-CS nanocomposite films achieved a Cu(II) removal efficiency of approximately 74.3%, equating to an adsorption capacity of 22.34&#xa0;mg g⁻<sup>1</sup> at low adsorbent dosage, while a capacity of 13.00&#xa0;mg g⁻<sup>1</sup> (0.162&#xa0;mg cm⁻<sup>2</sup>) was obtained under standard conditions (0.10&#xa0;g dosage) and used for kinetic modeling, which is about 20% higher than that of the pristine PVA-CS film. Importantly, this study introduces copper-ion adsorption performance normalized to geometric surface area (mg cm⁻<sup>2</sup>) for a biopolymer film reinforced with CNCs derived from water hyacinth. These findings highlight the potential of this invasive aquatic biomass for functional materials and establish a scalable approach for fabricating eco-functional films with enhanced adsorption capabilities.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Valorization of water-hyacinth-derived cellulose nanocrystals in biodegradable PVA–chitosan films for enhanced Cu(II) ion adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Vu Viet Linh Nguyen,
  • Thanh-Truc Pham,
  • Hoc Thang Nguyen

摘要

Valorizing invasive aquatic biomass as a sustainable nanomaterial source represents a promising yet underexplored route toward functional biodegradable polymers. In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully extracted from Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), an abundant, low-cost, and fast-growing invasive plant, through sulfuric acid hydrolysis and used to reinforce poly(vinyl alcohol)–chitosan (PVA-CS) blend films. The incorporation of prepared CNCs significantly improved the tensile strength, hydrophilicity, and surface morphology, as verified by tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements of the films. The obtained CNC@PVA-CS nanocomposite films achieved a Cu(II) removal efficiency of approximately 74.3%, equating to an adsorption capacity of 22.34 mg g⁻1 at low adsorbent dosage, while a capacity of 13.00 mg g⁻1 (0.162 mg cm⁻2) was obtained under standard conditions (0.10 g dosage) and used for kinetic modeling, which is about 20% higher than that of the pristine PVA-CS film. Importantly, this study introduces copper-ion adsorption performance normalized to geometric surface area (mg cm⁻2) for a biopolymer film reinforced with CNCs derived from water hyacinth. These findings highlight the potential of this invasive aquatic biomass for functional materials and establish a scalable approach for fabricating eco-functional films with enhanced adsorption capabilities.

Graphical abstract