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<p>This study investigates the effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and their surface-modified variants, including (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-grafted HNTs (APTES-HNTs), bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide-treated HNTs (TESPT-HNTs), resorcinol–hexamethylenetetramine-functionalized HNTs (RH-HNTs), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide-modified HNTs (HMIMBr-HNTs), on the overall performance of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber (EPDM/SBR)-based nanocomposites. For comparison, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their functionalized counterparts, including APTES-CNTs, TESPT-CNTs, 1-octadecanol-modified CNTs (ODA-CNTs), and HMIMBr-modified CNTs (HMIMBr-CNTs), were evaluated under identical conditions. The influence of these nanofillers on curing characteristics, mechanical properties, morphological behavior, abrasion resistance, swelling characteristics, compression set, and crosslink density was systematically analyzed over a filler loading range of 0–8 phr. Rheological analysis indicated that increasing nanofiller loading led to higher torque development and cure rate index, along with reduced scorch time and optimum cure time. Improved dispersion and stronger interfacial interactions contributed to enhanced crosslink density, resulting in better hardness and abrasion resistance. Tensile strength increased with filler loading up to an optimum of 5 phr, followed by a decline at higher loadings due to agglomeration effects. Among all systems, CNT-based nanocomposites exhibited superior reinforcing efficiency compared to HNT-based systems, with further enhancement observed for ionic liquid-modified nanofillers. Notably, HMIMBr-CNT-filled composites demonstrated the highest performance, showing improvements of up to 236% in tensile strength, 67% in stress at 100% elongation, and 172% in tear strength compared to the unfilled system. These results highlight the effectiveness of ionic liquid functionalization in improving filler dispersion, interfacial interaction, and overall composite performance.</p>

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Comparative evaluation of functionalized halloysite nanotubes and carbon nanotubes as reinforcing fillers in EPDM–SBR rubber blends: mechanical and swelling behavior

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月16日

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  • C. Dhanesh,
  • S. Vishvanathperumal

摘要

This study investigates the effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and their surface-modified variants, including (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-grafted HNTs (APTES-HNTs), bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide-treated HNTs (TESPT-HNTs), resorcinol–hexamethylenetetramine-functionalized HNTs (RH-HNTs), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide-modified HNTs (HMIMBr-HNTs), on the overall performance of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber (EPDM/SBR)-based nanocomposites. For comparison, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their functionalized counterparts, including APTES-CNTs, TESPT-CNTs, 1-octadecanol-modified CNTs (ODA-CNTs), and HMIMBr-modified CNTs (HMIMBr-CNTs), were evaluated under identical conditions. The influence of these nanofillers on curing characteristics, mechanical properties, morphological behavior, abrasion resistance, swelling characteristics, compression set, and crosslink density was systematically analyzed over a filler loading range of 0–8 phr. Rheological analysis indicated that increasing nanofiller loading led to higher torque development and cure rate index, along with reduced scorch time and optimum cure time. Improved dispersion and stronger interfacial interactions contributed to enhanced crosslink density, resulting in better hardness and abrasion resistance. Tensile strength increased with filler loading up to an optimum of 5 phr, followed by a decline at higher loadings due to agglomeration effects. Among all systems, CNT-based nanocomposites exhibited superior reinforcing efficiency compared to HNT-based systems, with further enhancement observed for ionic liquid-modified nanofillers. Notably, HMIMBr-CNT-filled composites demonstrated the highest performance, showing improvements of up to 236% in tensile strength, 67% in stress at 100% elongation, and 172% in tear strength compared to the unfilled system. These results highlight the effectiveness of ionic liquid functionalization in improving filler dispersion, interfacial interaction, and overall composite performance.