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<p>This study investigates the influence of carbon black (CB) structure and surface area on dispersion behavior, polymer–filler interaction, and the resulting performance of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites prepared via latex-phase mixing. Carbon black–rubber composites were synthesized through cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant-assisted aqueous slurry preparation followed by mixing with SBR latex, coagulation, and drying. The properties of wet-mixed composites were systematically compared with conventionally dry-mixed counterparts to evaluate the influence of mixing methodology on reinforcement behavior. Payne effect analysis revealed significantly improved dispersion in wet-mixed systems, exhibiting approximately reduction in ΔG′ by 13% in WA26 and WA39 and by 26% WA30, indicating suppression of filler–filler networking. Enhanced polymer–filler interaction was further confirmed through solvent swelling and stress–strain measurements, while Kraus parameter analysis elucidated the nature of CB–elastomer interactions. The improved interfacial interaction resulted in an increase in bound rubber content by ⁓14.7% and crosslink density by ~ 9% in WA39 latex-stage composites compared with dry-mixed compounds. Mechanical characterization demonstrated enhanced reinforcement in wet-mixed systems, where the N330-based composite exhibited 14.5% higher M300 modulus and 4.7% higher tensile strength, while the N339 system showed 11.5% improvement in M300 modulus and 6.9% higher tensile strength relative to dry mixing. Improved carbon black–elastomer reinforcement was further reflected by 4.7% lower abrasion loss in WA39, indicating improved wear resistance. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed improved viscoelastic performance, with 9.5–16.2% reduction in tan δ at 70&#xa0;°C, suggesting reduced hysteresis and improved rolling-resistance characteristics. Microscopic analyses confirmed finer filler dispersion and improved polymer–filler contact in wet-mixed vulcanizates. Overall, the results demonstrate that surfactant-assisted latex-phase mixing significantly enhances filler dispersion and polymer–filler interaction in CB-filled SBR composites, leading to improved mechanical reinforcement, durability, and dynamic performance.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Role of filler structure and surface characteristics of carbon black in liquid-phase dispersion in SBR latex

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Mrinmoy Debnath,
  • Praveen Balaji,
  • Susanta Banerjee,
  • Soumyadip Choudhury

摘要

This study investigates the influence of carbon black (CB) structure and surface area on dispersion behavior, polymer–filler interaction, and the resulting performance of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites prepared via latex-phase mixing. Carbon black–rubber composites were synthesized through cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant-assisted aqueous slurry preparation followed by mixing with SBR latex, coagulation, and drying. The properties of wet-mixed composites were systematically compared with conventionally dry-mixed counterparts to evaluate the influence of mixing methodology on reinforcement behavior. Payne effect analysis revealed significantly improved dispersion in wet-mixed systems, exhibiting approximately reduction in ΔG′ by 13% in WA26 and WA39 and by 26% WA30, indicating suppression of filler–filler networking. Enhanced polymer–filler interaction was further confirmed through solvent swelling and stress–strain measurements, while Kraus parameter analysis elucidated the nature of CB–elastomer interactions. The improved interfacial interaction resulted in an increase in bound rubber content by ⁓14.7% and crosslink density by ~ 9% in WA39 latex-stage composites compared with dry-mixed compounds. Mechanical characterization demonstrated enhanced reinforcement in wet-mixed systems, where the N330-based composite exhibited 14.5% higher M300 modulus and 4.7% higher tensile strength, while the N339 system showed 11.5% improvement in M300 modulus and 6.9% higher tensile strength relative to dry mixing. Improved carbon black–elastomer reinforcement was further reflected by 4.7% lower abrasion loss in WA39, indicating improved wear resistance. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed improved viscoelastic performance, with 9.5–16.2% reduction in tan δ at 70 °C, suggesting reduced hysteresis and improved rolling-resistance characteristics. Microscopic analyses confirmed finer filler dispersion and improved polymer–filler contact in wet-mixed vulcanizates. Overall, the results demonstrate that surfactant-assisted latex-phase mixing significantly enhances filler dispersion and polymer–filler interaction in CB-filled SBR composites, leading to improved mechanical reinforcement, durability, and dynamic performance.

Graphical Abstract