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<p>Manhole covers, commonly found in urban residential areas, are traditionally made of cast iron or concrete. However, these materials are expensive, prone to theft, complex to install, and susceptible to corrosion or cracking upon impact. This study explores the feasibility of manufacturing manhole covers using composite materials, specifically sheet moulding compound (SMC) and phenolic resin derived from cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL). The CNSL-based phenolic resin (CPR) was synthesized by reacting the phenolic components in CNSL with formaldehyde. Various reaction parameters, including catalyst type, catalyst loading, reactant ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time, were optimized to enhance polymerization. Subsequently, CPR/SMC specimens were prepared by combining different CPR contents with SMC under various compression moulding conditions. The specimen with 3% CPR content exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with an impact strength of 96 KJ/m<sup>2</sup> and a compressive strength of 136&#xa0;MPa. Based on these results, optimized parameters were selected for manufacturing manhole covers and gratings. Weathering resistance and load capacity tests confirmed their safety and suitability for use in urban residential areas, demonstrating the potential of CPR/SMC composite materials in manhole cover systems.</p>

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Fabrication of reinforced manhole covers and gratings using cashew nutshell liquid and sheet moulding compounds

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Duy Du Bui,
  • Cong Thanh Huynh,
  • Ngoc Thanh Truong,
  • Van Du Cao,
  • Giang Ngoc Doan,
  • Nghiem Anh Tuan Le,
  • Chi Le Hoang Tran,
  • Khoa Anh Trinh,
  • Chinh Hoang Tran,
  • Quyen Ngoc Tran

摘要

Manhole covers, commonly found in urban residential areas, are traditionally made of cast iron or concrete. However, these materials are expensive, prone to theft, complex to install, and susceptible to corrosion or cracking upon impact. This study explores the feasibility of manufacturing manhole covers using composite materials, specifically sheet moulding compound (SMC) and phenolic resin derived from cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL). The CNSL-based phenolic resin (CPR) was synthesized by reacting the phenolic components in CNSL with formaldehyde. Various reaction parameters, including catalyst type, catalyst loading, reactant ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time, were optimized to enhance polymerization. Subsequently, CPR/SMC specimens were prepared by combining different CPR contents with SMC under various compression moulding conditions. The specimen with 3% CPR content exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with an impact strength of 96 KJ/m2 and a compressive strength of 136 MPa. Based on these results, optimized parameters were selected for manufacturing manhole covers and gratings. Weathering resistance and load capacity tests confirmed their safety and suitability for use in urban residential areas, demonstrating the potential of CPR/SMC composite materials in manhole cover systems.