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<p>Polypropylene (PP) is a commonly used polymer that offers an excellent balance of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties with outstanding cost savings. Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalyst systems have been the central technology for increasing polypropylene performance, mainly through improved isotacticity, crystallinity, and processability. In this study, the effect of three external electron donors (EDs), including dicyclopentyl dimethoxy silane (Donor D), cyclohexyl dimethoxy methyl silane (Donor C), and tetraethyl orthosilicate (Donor T), on the structural and physicochemical properties of PP produced by ZN catalyst was systematically investigated. Donor D displayed much higher catalytic results among the tested donors, achieving a catalyst activity of 35.49&#xa0;kg PP/g cat., and an isotactic index over 98%, clearly surpassing Donor C with its lower activity (down to 13.80&#xa0;kg PP/g cat.) and worse tacticity (~ 92% for T-Donor). It was further verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and rheological analyses that the addition of Donor D led to higher crystallinity, These results highlight the crucial function of EDs in shaping the microstructure and performance of PP, specifically Donor D could become a powerful candidate for providing high-performance iPP with excellent crystallinity and rheological behavior and good potential for industrial-scale processing.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Influence of external donors on Ziegler-Natta catalytic behavior and the resulting polypropylene properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Ali Charoosaei,
  • Vahid Haddadi-Asl,
  • Elahe Abdollahi,
  • Hadi Abdolmaleki,
  • Hadi Rostamipoor

摘要

Polypropylene (PP) is a commonly used polymer that offers an excellent balance of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties with outstanding cost savings. Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalyst systems have been the central technology for increasing polypropylene performance, mainly through improved isotacticity, crystallinity, and processability. In this study, the effect of three external electron donors (EDs), including dicyclopentyl dimethoxy silane (Donor D), cyclohexyl dimethoxy methyl silane (Donor C), and tetraethyl orthosilicate (Donor T), on the structural and physicochemical properties of PP produced by ZN catalyst was systematically investigated. Donor D displayed much higher catalytic results among the tested donors, achieving a catalyst activity of 35.49 kg PP/g cat., and an isotactic index over 98%, clearly surpassing Donor C with its lower activity (down to 13.80 kg PP/g cat.) and worse tacticity (~ 92% for T-Donor). It was further verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and rheological analyses that the addition of Donor D led to higher crystallinity, These results highlight the crucial function of EDs in shaping the microstructure and performance of PP, specifically Donor D could become a powerful candidate for providing high-performance iPP with excellent crystallinity and rheological behavior and good potential for industrial-scale processing.

Graphical Abstract