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<p>A novel pH-responsive film has been developed utilizing polyvinyl alcohol modified with agarose (PA) as the film substrate and <i>Clitoria ternatea</i> L. extract (CTE) as the pH indicator through a casting process. The dose-dependent effects of CTE on the morphological, structural, mechanical, and barrier properties, along with its pH response sensitivity, are observed. The PA-CTE-7.5 film demonstrates the best fracture resistance (15.99&#xa0;MPa), elongation at break (157.08%), and the minimum water vapor permeability (4.55<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\times\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>10<sup>−10</sup>&#xa0;g/m.s.Pa) among formulations. The enhanced fracture strength and water resistance are attributed to the hydrogen bonding interaction between anthocyanins and the film matrix, as confirmed by ATR-FTIR. Concurrently, the PA-CTE-7.5 film reveals a counterbalancing color response, which is less efficient and stable than the PA-CTE-5. Additionally, the application of these pH-sensitive films to control shrimp freshness was assessed. The outcome shows the noticeable visual color changes of PA-CTE-5 film during shrimp spoilage, highlighting its great potential as an eco-friendly indicator for food freshness.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Effects of Clitoria ternatea L. anthocyanin extract on mechanical, barrier, and pH-sensitive properties of agarose-modified polyvinyl alcohol films

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月4日

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  • Bao-Tran Pham-Tran,
  • Phat Tan Pham,
  • Ngoc-Huyen Thi Lien,
  • Nhu-Ngoc Quynh Nguyen,
  • Long Giang Bach,
  • Thuong Thi Nguyen

摘要

A novel pH-responsive film has been developed utilizing polyvinyl alcohol modified with agarose (PA) as the film substrate and Clitoria ternatea L. extract (CTE) as the pH indicator through a casting process. The dose-dependent effects of CTE on the morphological, structural, mechanical, and barrier properties, along with its pH response sensitivity, are observed. The PA-CTE-7.5 film demonstrates the best fracture resistance (15.99 MPa), elongation at break (157.08%), and the minimum water vapor permeability (4.55 \(\:\times\:\) 10−10 g/m.s.Pa) among formulations. The enhanced fracture strength and water resistance are attributed to the hydrogen bonding interaction between anthocyanins and the film matrix, as confirmed by ATR-FTIR. Concurrently, the PA-CTE-7.5 film reveals a counterbalancing color response, which is less efficient and stable than the PA-CTE-5. Additionally, the application of these pH-sensitive films to control shrimp freshness was assessed. The outcome shows the noticeable visual color changes of PA-CTE-5 film during shrimp spoilage, highlighting its great potential as an eco-friendly indicator for food freshness.

Graphical abstract