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<p>To enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin and incorporate biomass resources, a novel phosphorus-containing magnolol-based epoxy monomer (MG-DO-EP) was synthesized through a two-step reaction using magnolol and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as starting materials. The resulting monomer was then used as an intrinsic flame-retardant modifier in a composite thermosetting system, where it was co-cured with bisphenol A epoxy resin (E44) using 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. Comprehensive characterization revealed that the incorporation of MG-DO-EP significantly improved the material’s performance. Compared with unmodified E44/DDM, the MG-DO-EP-modified composites exhibited enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, flexural strength, and storage modulus, though with a slight reduction in glass transition temperature and crosslinking density. At a dosage of 20 wt%, the bending strength of the composite resin increased by 14.1%, while the storage modulus increased by 29.9%. The carbon residue at 700 ° C reached 56.7%, which is 3.57 times higher than that of the pure E44 system. Additionally, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased dramatically by 80.8% and 69.4%, respectively. At 10 wt% loading, the impact strength improved by 14.4% to 4.75&#xa0;kJ/m². Notably, even at a low loading of 5 wt%, the composite achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test, demonstrating a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism involving both condensed-phase and gas-phase actions. These findings highlight the potential of MG-DO-EP as a sustainable and effective flame-retardant modifier for epoxy resins, offering balanced mechanical properties and superior fire resistance.</p>

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Synthesis of phosphorus containing magnolol epoxy monomer and its flame retardant modification on bisphenol A epoxy resin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月21日

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  • Baolong Li,
  • Mingyuan Wang,
  • Keyu Wang,
  • Bingbing Wei,
  • Gui Xiang Hou

摘要

To enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin and incorporate biomass resources, a novel phosphorus-containing magnolol-based epoxy monomer (MG-DO-EP) was synthesized through a two-step reaction using magnolol and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as starting materials. The resulting monomer was then used as an intrinsic flame-retardant modifier in a composite thermosetting system, where it was co-cured with bisphenol A epoxy resin (E44) using 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. Comprehensive characterization revealed that the incorporation of MG-DO-EP significantly improved the material’s performance. Compared with unmodified E44/DDM, the MG-DO-EP-modified composites exhibited enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, flexural strength, and storage modulus, though with a slight reduction in glass transition temperature and crosslinking density. At a dosage of 20 wt%, the bending strength of the composite resin increased by 14.1%, while the storage modulus increased by 29.9%. The carbon residue at 700 ° C reached 56.7%, which is 3.57 times higher than that of the pure E44 system. Additionally, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased dramatically by 80.8% and 69.4%, respectively. At 10 wt% loading, the impact strength improved by 14.4% to 4.75 kJ/m². Notably, even at a low loading of 5 wt%, the composite achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test, demonstrating a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism involving both condensed-phase and gas-phase actions. These findings highlight the potential of MG-DO-EP as a sustainable and effective flame-retardant modifier for epoxy resins, offering balanced mechanical properties and superior fire resistance.