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<p>The advancement of bio-based thermosetting polymers is critical to the development of sustainable, high-performance materials. In this work, we synthesized novel poly(benzoxazine-co-urethane) resins by reacting eugenol-derived benzoxazine monomer with various aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates. Structural confirmation was achieved through FTIR and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy, verifying the formation of urethane and benzoxazine linkages. Thermal analysis via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated outstanding stability, with 10% weight loss temperatures (Td<sub>10</sub>) ranging from 310 to 342&#xa0;°C and char yields between 42 and 57 wt% at 800&#xa0;°C, depending on the diisocyanate used. Morphological features examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed homogeneous microstructures and crosslinked network formation, confirming good phase compatibility and uniform morphology. These results highlight the potential of eugenol-based poly(benzoxazine-co-urethane) resins as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional thermosets in demanding applications such as coatings, electronics, and aerospace.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Eugenol-derived bio-based benzoxazine-co-urethane resins: synthesis, characterization and robust thermal stability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Mahmoud A. Abdelkawy

摘要

The advancement of bio-based thermosetting polymers is critical to the development of sustainable, high-performance materials. In this work, we synthesized novel poly(benzoxazine-co-urethane) resins by reacting eugenol-derived benzoxazine monomer with various aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates. Structural confirmation was achieved through FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, verifying the formation of urethane and benzoxazine linkages. Thermal analysis via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated outstanding stability, with 10% weight loss temperatures (Td10) ranging from 310 to 342 °C and char yields between 42 and 57 wt% at 800 °C, depending on the diisocyanate used. Morphological features examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed homogeneous microstructures and crosslinked network formation, confirming good phase compatibility and uniform morphology. These results highlight the potential of eugenol-based poly(benzoxazine-co-urethane) resins as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional thermosets in demanding applications such as coatings, electronics, and aerospace.

Graphical Abstract