<p>With continuous growth of electric vehicles, the graphite- based anodes cannot fulfill the need for higher energy densities. Lithium (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Li\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) anode has shown to satisfy this requirement. However, the aggressive nature of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Li\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> towards liquid electrolytes and continuous growth of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Li\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> dendrites hinder its scalability. To resolve these issues, safer electrolytes including polymers and ceramics were studied. Polymer electrolytes, especially polyethylene oxide (PEO), have gained interest for their promising features. PEO shows the highest ionic conductivity (σ) among polymers but suffers from high crystallinity and temperature sensitivity of mechanical strength. On the contrary, thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) show high mechanical stability at elevated temperature despite showing lower σ. Here, the two polymers were blended with the composition of TPU: PEO (30: 70) to improve PEO’s thermomechanical strength. Graphene oxide (GO) and MXene, as layered nanoparticles, were subsequently added to the blend to improve its σ and solubility of the <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(LiTSI\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">LiTSI</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> salt. The nanoparticles increased σ by two orders of magnitude from <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({10}^{-5} S/cm\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({10}^{-3} S/cm\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The fast <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({Li}^{+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> transportation also led to a rise in <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({Li}^{+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> transference number from 0.329 to 0.501. The stable charge- discharge cycles also revealed the effective <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10965_2025_4309_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({Li}^{+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">Li</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> transportation.</p>

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Designing efficient lithium metal battery using hybrid layered nanoparticles of graphene oxide and MXene and thermoplastic polyurethane-polyethylene oxide blend with high ionic conductivity and stable cycling

  • Sasan Rostami,
  • Mohsen Moayedi,
  • Mozhgan Falahaty-Marvast,
  • Farough Talebi,
  • Majid Mollavali,
  • Mohammad Nourany

摘要

With continuous growth of electric vehicles, the graphite- based anodes cannot fulfill the need for higher energy densities. Lithium ( \(Li\) Li ) anode has shown to satisfy this requirement. However, the aggressive nature of \(Li\) Li towards liquid electrolytes and continuous growth of \(Li\) Li dendrites hinder its scalability. To resolve these issues, safer electrolytes including polymers and ceramics were studied. Polymer electrolytes, especially polyethylene oxide (PEO), have gained interest for their promising features. PEO shows the highest ionic conductivity (σ) among polymers but suffers from high crystallinity and temperature sensitivity of mechanical strength. On the contrary, thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) show high mechanical stability at elevated temperature despite showing lower σ. Here, the two polymers were blended with the composition of TPU: PEO (30: 70) to improve PEO’s thermomechanical strength. Graphene oxide (GO) and MXene, as layered nanoparticles, were subsequently added to the blend to improve its σ and solubility of the \(LiTSI\) LiTSI salt. The nanoparticles increased σ by two orders of magnitude from \({10}^{-5} S/cm\) 10 - 5 S / c m to \({10}^{-3} S/cm\) 10 - 3 S / c m . The fast \({Li}^{+}\) Li + transportation also led to a rise in \({Li}^{+}\) Li + transference number from 0.329 to 0.501. The stable charge- discharge cycles also revealed the effective \({Li}^{+}\) Li + transportation.