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<p>Although many studies have indicated that problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms are closely associated and frequently co-occur in adolescence, little is known about their heterogeneous co-occurrence profiles and how these profiles evolve over time. Using person-centered approaches (LPA and RT-LTA), this study identified the co-occurrence patterns of problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms, examined their transitions, and investigated the roles of social support and self-control on transitions. A total of 8969 Chinese adolescents (49.3% girls; T1: <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 12.86, <i>SD</i> = 0.31) participated in the study over a one-year period with three follow-up assessments. Five co-occurrence profiles consistently emerged: <i>low symptoms</i>, <i>moderate co-occurrence</i>, <i>PSU-dominant</i>, <i>depression-dominant</i>, and <i>high co-occurrence</i>. The <i>low symptoms</i> group showed the highest stability, whereas the <i>PSU-dominant</i> group showed the most transitions. Boys, as well as adolescents with higher levels of social support and self-control, showed a greater likelihood of symptom improvement and a reduced risk of symptom worsening over time, with the protective roles of self-control and social support being stronger among adolescents with less severe symptoms. These findings reveal the heterogeneous manifestations in the co-occurrence of problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms, their longitudinal transitions and the conditional effects of protective factors among adolescents.</p>

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Co-occurrence Patterns and Transitions in Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms and Problematic Smartphone Use: The Roles of Social Support and Self-control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月11日

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  • Hanning Lei,
  • Zhiqian Zhang,
  • Yun Wang,
  • Xia Wang,
  • Zhengqian Yang,
  • Cai Zhang

摘要

Although many studies have indicated that problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms are closely associated and frequently co-occur in adolescence, little is known about their heterogeneous co-occurrence profiles and how these profiles evolve over time. Using person-centered approaches (LPA and RT-LTA), this study identified the co-occurrence patterns of problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms, examined their transitions, and investigated the roles of social support and self-control on transitions. A total of 8969 Chinese adolescents (49.3% girls; T1: Mage = 12.86, SD = 0.31) participated in the study over a one-year period with three follow-up assessments. Five co-occurrence profiles consistently emerged: low symptoms, moderate co-occurrence, PSU-dominant, depression-dominant, and high co-occurrence. The low symptoms group showed the highest stability, whereas the PSU-dominant group showed the most transitions. Boys, as well as adolescents with higher levels of social support and self-control, showed a greater likelihood of symptom improvement and a reduced risk of symptom worsening over time, with the protective roles of self-control and social support being stronger among adolescents with less severe symptoms. These findings reveal the heterogeneous manifestations in the co-occurrence of problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms, their longitudinal transitions and the conditional effects of protective factors among adolescents.