<p>We study properties of the Potts model partition function <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="83" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z(H_m,q,v)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <i>m</i>’th iterates of Hanoi graphs, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and use the results to draw inferences about the <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m \rightarrow \infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> limit that yields a self-similar Hanoi fractal, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_\infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We also calculate the chromatic polynomials <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="184" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P(H_m,q)=Z(H_m,q,-1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. From calculations of the configurational degeneracy, per vertex, of the zero-temperature Potts antiferromagnet on <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, denoted <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(W(H_m,q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, estimates of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(W(H_\infty ,q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, are given for <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q=3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q=4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and compared with known values on other lattices. We compute the zeros of <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="83" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z(H_m,q,v)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the complex <i>q</i> plane for various values of the temperature-dependent variable <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(v=y-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and in the complex <i>y</i> plane for various values of <i>q</i>. These are consistent with accumulating to form loci denoted <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal{B}_q(v)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal{B}_v(q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mi>v</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, or equivalently, <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal{B}_y(q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mi>y</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, in the <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m \rightarrow \infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> limit. Our results motivate the inference that the maximal point at which <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal{B}_q(-1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> crosses the real <i>q</i> axis, denoted <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q_c\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, has the value <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="136" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q_c=(1/2)(3+\sqrt{5})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and correspondingly, if <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q=q_c\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, then <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal{B}_y(q_c)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">B</mi> <mi>y</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> crosses the real <i>y</i> axis at <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(y=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, i.e., the Potts antiferromagnet on <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq23.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_\infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq24.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="132" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q=(1/2)(3+\sqrt{5})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msqrt> <mn>5</mn> </msqrt> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> has a <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq25.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> critical point. Finally, we analyze the partition function zeros in the <i>y</i> plane for <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq26.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \gg 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>≫</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and show that these accumulate approximately along parts of the sides of an equilateral triangular with apex points that scale like <InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq27.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="60" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(y \sim q^{2/3}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq28"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq28.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="106" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(y \sim q^{2/3} e^{\pm 2\pi i/3}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mo>±</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Some comparisons are presented of these findings for Hanoi graphs with corresponding results on <i>m</i>’th iterates of Sierpinski gasket graphs and the <InlineEquation ID="IEq29"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10955_2025_3398_Article_IEq29.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m \rightarrow \infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> limit yielding the Sierpinski gasket fractal.</p>

错误:搜索内容不能为空,请输入英文关键词
错误:关键词超出字数限制,请精简
高级检索

Potts Partition Function Zeros and Ground State Entropy on Hanoi Graphs

  • Shu-Chiuan Chang,
  • Robert Shrock

摘要

We study properties of the Potts model partition function \(Z(H_m,q,v)\) Z ( H m , q , v ) on m’th iterates of Hanoi graphs, \(H_m\) H m , and use the results to draw inferences about the \(m \rightarrow \infty \) m limit that yields a self-similar Hanoi fractal, \(H_\infty \) H . We also calculate the chromatic polynomials \(P(H_m,q)=Z(H_m,q,-1)\) P ( H m , q ) = Z ( H m , q , - 1 ) . From calculations of the configurational degeneracy, per vertex, of the zero-temperature Potts antiferromagnet on \(H_m\) H m , denoted \(W(H_m,q)\) W ( H m , q ) , estimates of \(W(H_\infty ,q)\) W ( H , q ) , are given for \(q=3\) q = 3 and \(q=4\) q = 4 and compared with known values on other lattices. We compute the zeros of \(Z(H_m,q,v)\) Z ( H m , q , v ) in the complex q plane for various values of the temperature-dependent variable \(v=y-1\) v = y - 1 and in the complex y plane for various values of q. These are consistent with accumulating to form loci denoted \(\mathcal{B}_q(v)\) B q ( v ) and \(\mathcal{B}_v(q)\) B v ( q ) , or equivalently, \(\mathcal{B}_y(q)\) B y ( q ) , in the \(m \rightarrow \infty \) m limit. Our results motivate the inference that the maximal point at which \(\mathcal{B}_q(-1)\) B q ( - 1 ) crosses the real q axis, denoted \(q_c\) q c , has the value \(q_c=(1/2)(3+\sqrt{5})\) q c = ( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 + 5 ) and correspondingly, if \(q=q_c\) q = q c , then \(\mathcal{B}_y(q_c)\) B y ( q c ) crosses the real y axis at \(y=0\) y = 0 , i.e., the Potts antiferromagnet on \(H_\infty \) H with \(q=(1/2)(3+\sqrt{5})\) q = ( 1 / 2 ) ( 3 + 5 ) has a \(T=0\) T = 0 critical point. Finally, we analyze the partition function zeros in the y plane for \(q \gg 1\) q 1 and show that these accumulate approximately along parts of the sides of an equilateral triangular with apex points that scale like \(y \sim q^{2/3}\) y q 2 / 3 and \(y \sim q^{2/3} e^{\pm 2\pi i/3}\) y q 2 / 3 e ± 2 π i / 3 . Some comparisons are presented of these findings for Hanoi graphs with corresponding results on m’th iterates of Sierpinski gasket graphs and the \(m \rightarrow \infty \) m limit yielding the Sierpinski gasket fractal.