<p>The solubility of calcium gluconate in binary solvent systems of (water + 1-propanol) and (water + 2-propanol) was investigated over a temperature range of 298.2 to 313.2&#xa0;K. Measurements were conducted using a laser-based robotic system, and the results show that calcium gluconate is more soluble in water-rich mixtures, and its solubility increased with temperature. To model these data, several thermodynamic and activity-based equations were used. All models proved highly accurate in predicting solubility, confirming their reliability for similar solvents. Thermodynamic properties of dissolution, namely, the standard Gibbs free energy (Δ<i>G°</i>), enthalpy (Δ<i>H°</i>), and entropy (Δ<i>S°</i>), were calculated from the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. Thermodynamic analysis showed the standard state&#xa0;dissolution process was endothermic (absorbing heat) and non-spontaneous (requiring energy input), as indicated by positive Δ<i>H</i><sup><i>0</i></sup> and Δ<i>G</i><sup><i>0</i></sup> values.</p>

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Laser-Based Monitoring of Calcium Gluconate Solubility and Thermodynamics in Aqueous Mixtures of 1-Propanol/2-Propanol

  • Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki,
  • Salar Hemmati,
  • Elaheh Rahimpour,
  • Abolghasem Jouyban

摘要

The solubility of calcium gluconate in binary solvent systems of (water + 1-propanol) and (water + 2-propanol) was investigated over a temperature range of 298.2 to 313.2 K. Measurements were conducted using a laser-based robotic system, and the results show that calcium gluconate is more soluble in water-rich mixtures, and its solubility increased with temperature. To model these data, several thermodynamic and activity-based equations were used. All models proved highly accurate in predicting solubility, confirming their reliability for similar solvents. Thermodynamic properties of dissolution, namely, the standard Gibbs free energy (Δ), enthalpy (Δ), and entropy (Δ), were calculated from the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. Thermodynamic analysis showed the standard state dissolution process was endothermic (absorbing heat) and non-spontaneous (requiring energy input), as indicated by positive ΔH0 and ΔG0 values.