<p>The current manuscript reports densities, speed of sound, and viscosities of an antiretroviral drug, Raltegravir potassium in water and in aqueous potassium chloride and α-Lactose at temperatures 288.15&#xa0;K and 318.15&#xa0;K and at atmospheric pressure over the concentration range of (0.02 to 0.1) mol.kg<sup>−1</sup> of Raltegravir potassium. The experimentally obtained data have been used to deduce various thermodynamically derived properties like apparent molar volume of solute (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({V}_{\phi }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mi>ϕ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), limiting apparent molar volume (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({V}_{\phi }^{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), limiting apparent molar volume of transfer (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\Delta }_{\text{tr}}{V}_{\phi }^{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext>tr</mtext> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), thermal expansion coefficient (α*), limiting apparent molar expansibility (<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({E}_{\phi }^{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), isentropic compressibility (<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\kappa }_{S}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), apparent molar isentropic compression of solute (<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({K}_{S, \phi }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression of the solute (<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({K}_{S,\phi }^{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression of transfer (<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\Delta }_{\text{tr}}{K}_{S, \phi }^{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext>tr</mtext> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), hydration number <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(({n}_\text{H})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mtext>H</mtext> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, relative viscosity (<InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\eta }_{r})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>η</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Falkenhagen coefficient (<i>A</i>), Jones–Dole coefficient (<i>B</i>), temperature derivative of <i>B</i>-coefficient( d<i>B/</i>d<i>T</i>), free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent ( <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\Delta \mu }_{1}^{0\#}),\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>#</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> free energy of activation of viscous flow mole of solute <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({(\Delta \mu }_{2}^{0\#}),\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>#</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Entropy of activation of viscous flow <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\Delta {S}_{2}^{0\#})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>#</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and enthalpy of activation of viscous flow (<InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\Delta H}_{2}^{0\#})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>#</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and viscosity <i>B</i>-coefficient of transfer, <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10953_2025_1489_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\Delta }_{tr}B.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">tr</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>B</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> The effects of temperature on the interactions between potassium chloride/α-Lactose and aqueous Raltegravir potassium have been studied using these parameters. The drug’s ability to form structures and the interactions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules in these systems are examined.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Plausible interactions between Raltegravir potassium (left) and KCl/α-Lactose (right)</p> <p></p>

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An Insight into Interactional Characteristics of Aqueous Raltegravir Potassium in Potassium Chloride and α-Lactose via Volumetric, Compressibility, and Viscometric Properties

  • Rojo John,
  • Vijay M. Tangde,
  • Niraj T. Khaty,
  • Prafulla M. Sable

摘要

The current manuscript reports densities, speed of sound, and viscosities of an antiretroviral drug, Raltegravir potassium in water and in aqueous potassium chloride and α-Lactose at temperatures 288.15 K and 318.15 K and at atmospheric pressure over the concentration range of (0.02 to 0.1) mol.kg−1 of Raltegravir potassium. The experimentally obtained data have been used to deduce various thermodynamically derived properties like apparent molar volume of solute ( \({V}_{\phi }\) V ϕ ), limiting apparent molar volume ( \({V}_{\phi }^{0}\) V ϕ 0 ), limiting apparent molar volume of transfer ( \({\Delta }_{\text{tr}}{V}_{\phi }^{0}\) Δ tr V ϕ 0 ), thermal expansion coefficient (α*), limiting apparent molar expansibility ( \({E}_{\phi }^{0}\) E ϕ 0 ), isentropic compressibility ( \({\kappa }_{S}\) κ S ), apparent molar isentropic compression of solute ( \({K}_{S, \phi }\) K S , ϕ ), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression of the solute ( \({K}_{S,\phi }^{0}\) K S , ϕ 0 ), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression of transfer ( \({\Delta }_{\text{tr}}{K}_{S, \phi }^{0}\) Δ tr K S , ϕ 0 ), hydration number \(({n}_\text{H})\) ( n H ) , relative viscosity ( \({\eta }_{r})\) η r ) , Falkenhagen coefficient (A), Jones–Dole coefficient (B), temperature derivative of B-coefficient( dB/dT), free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent ( \({\Delta \mu }_{1}^{0\#}),\) Δ μ 1 0 # ) , free energy of activation of viscous flow mole of solute \({(\Delta \mu }_{2}^{0\#}),\) ( Δ μ 2 0 # ) , Entropy of activation of viscous flow \((\Delta {S}_{2}^{0\#})\) ( Δ S 2 0 # ) and enthalpy of activation of viscous flow ( \({\Delta H}_{2}^{0\#})\) Δ H 2 0 # ) and viscosity B-coefficient of transfer, \({\Delta }_{tr}B.\) Δ tr B . The effects of temperature on the interactions between potassium chloride/α-Lactose and aqueous Raltegravir potassium have been studied using these parameters. The drug’s ability to form structures and the interactions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules in these systems are examined.

Graphical Abstract

Plausible interactions between Raltegravir potassium (left) and KCl/α-Lactose (right)