<p>A systematic investigation of the magnetic properties using AC susceptibility measurements has been performed in (Dy<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_{0.6}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow> <mn>0.6</mn> </mrow> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Gd<InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_{0.4}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>)<InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_{5}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>5</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Pd<InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>2</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> compound. The <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi '\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> curve showed a peak <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_{g1}\approx \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 59 K and a weak hump-like behavior at low temperatures. Interestingly, the <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi ''\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> curve displayed two frequency-dependent distinct peaks, one at <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_{g1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and other at <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_{g2}\approx \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 16 K. An obtained value of the relative shift in freezing temperatures <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta T_{f1}\approx \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 0.017 and <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta T_{f2}\approx \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 0.07 are obtained from the AC susceptibility data reflects the formation of double cluster-glass states. The frequency dependence of T<InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_f\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mi>f</mi> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is also analyzed within the framework of dynamic scaling laws such as power law and Vogel-Fulcher law. The analysis using power law yields a characteristic time constant for a single spin flip is <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau ^*=\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1.55 \times 10^{-9}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1.55</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> s and critical exponent <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq23.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(z\nu '=\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 3.53 for the temperature <InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq24.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_{g1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Whereas <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq25.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tau ^*=\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq26.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(3.98 \times 10^{-6}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3.98</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> s and critical exponent <InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq27.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(z\nu '=\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 1.89 for the temperature <InlineEquation ID="IEq28"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq28.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_{g2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Further evidence of cluster-glass behavior comes from the frequency dependence of the freezing temperature fitted with the Vogel-Fulcher law. Values of fitting parameters are, Vogel-Fulcher temperature T<InlineEquation ID="IEq29"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq29.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_0 \approx 54.38\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>54.38</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> K, an activation energy <InlineEquation ID="IEq30"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq30.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( E_a / k_B\approx 69.18 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>69.18</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> K and <InlineEquation ID="IEq31"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq31.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="146" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( E_a / k_BT_0\approx 1.27 &gt; 1 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>1.27</mn> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq32"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq32.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_{g1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; T<InlineEquation ID="IEq33"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq33.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_0 \approx 14.24\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>14.24</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> K, <InlineEquation ID="IEq34"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq34.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( E_a / k_B\approx 14.71 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>14.71</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> K, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq35"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq35.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="146" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( E_a / k_BT_0\approx 1.03 &gt; 1 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>1.03</mn> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq36"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq36.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_{g2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The nonzero values of T<InlineEquation ID="IEq37"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq37.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq38"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq38.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="64" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( E_a / k_BT_0 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> further support the evidence for the cluster-glass behavior. The magnetic contribution to the specific heat follows a <InlineEquation ID="IEq39"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10948_2025_6961_Article_IEq39.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="32" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( T^{3/2} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> temperature dependence below the cluster-glass freezing temperature, also supporting the evidence for cluster-glass behavior.</p>

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Evidence of Cluster Glass-Like Behavior in (Dy\(_{0.6}\)Gd\(_{0.4}\))\(_{5}\)Pd\(_{2}\)

  • Shuvendu Ghosh,
  • Tapas Paramanik

摘要

A systematic investigation of the magnetic properties using AC susceptibility measurements has been performed in (Dy \(_{0.6}\) 0.6 Gd \(_{0.4}\) 0.4 ) \(_{5}\) 5 Pd \(_{2}\) 2 compound. The \(\chi '\) χ curve showed a peak \(T_{g1}\approx \) T g 1 59 K and a weak hump-like behavior at low temperatures. Interestingly, the \(\chi ''\) χ curve displayed two frequency-dependent distinct peaks, one at \(T_{g1}\) T g 1 and other at \(T_{g2}\approx \) T g 2 16 K. An obtained value of the relative shift in freezing temperatures \(\delta T_{f1}\approx \) δ T f 1 0.017 and \(\delta T_{f2}\approx \) δ T f 2 0.07 are obtained from the AC susceptibility data reflects the formation of double cluster-glass states. The frequency dependence of T \(_f\) f is also analyzed within the framework of dynamic scaling laws such as power law and Vogel-Fulcher law. The analysis using power law yields a characteristic time constant for a single spin flip is \(\tau ^*=\) τ = \(1.55 \times 10^{-9}\) 1.55 × 10 - 9 s and critical exponent \(z\nu '=\) z ν = 3.53 for the temperature \(T_{g1}\) T g 1 . Whereas \(\tau ^*=\) τ = \(3.98 \times 10^{-6}\) 3.98 × 10 - 6 s and critical exponent \(z\nu '=\) z ν = 1.89 for the temperature \(T_{g2}\) T g 2 . Further evidence of cluster-glass behavior comes from the frequency dependence of the freezing temperature fitted with the Vogel-Fulcher law. Values of fitting parameters are, Vogel-Fulcher temperature T \(_0 \approx 54.38\) 0 54.38 K, an activation energy \( E_a / k_B\approx 69.18 \) E a / k B 69.18 K and \( E_a / k_BT_0\approx 1.27 > 1 \) E a / k B T 0 1.27 > 1 for \(T_{g1}\) T g 1 ; T \(_0 \approx 14.24\) 0 14.24 K, \( E_a / k_B\approx 14.71 \) E a / k B 14.71 K, and \( E_a / k_BT_0\approx 1.03 > 1 \) E a / k B T 0 1.03 > 1 for \(T_{g2}\) T g 2 . The nonzero values of T \(_0\) 0 and \( E_a / k_BT_0 \) E a / k B T 0 further support the evidence for the cluster-glass behavior. The magnetic contribution to the specific heat follows a \( T^{3/2} \) T 3 / 2 temperature dependence below the cluster-glass freezing temperature, also supporting the evidence for cluster-glass behavior.