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Objective <p>This paper studies whether the disciplinary practice of temporarily excluding children from school causally affects their probability of experiencing incarceration as a young person (youth custody).</p> Methodology <p>We use linked administrative data on the full population of English secondary school leavers between 2010 and 2013. To isolate the causal impact of exclusion from confounding factors, we employ an instrumental variables approach. Our instrument is academization, a reform program that gave schools increased autonomy over disciplinary procedures, thus quasi-randomly affecting a student's probability of being excluded.</p> Results <p>We find that schools significantly increased fixed-term exclusions by approximately 1 percentage point after academization. Our results show that fixed-term exclusions caused a 2.5 percentage point increase in the probability of a student being in youth custody by age 18.</p> Conclusions <p>This finding highlights a direct causal link between a common school disciplinary practice and a severe, long-term negative outcome for young people. It underscores the importance for policymakers and educators to recognize the potential risks associated with disciplinary procedures and the need for alternative, less harmful interventions.</p>

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School Exclusion and Youth Custody

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月18日

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  • Gerda Buchmueller,
  • Claire Cathro,
  • Richard Dorsett,
  • Veruska Oppedisano,
  • Alex Sutherland,
  • Giulia Tagliaferri

摘要

Objective

This paper studies whether the disciplinary practice of temporarily excluding children from school causally affects their probability of experiencing incarceration as a young person (youth custody).

Methodology

We use linked administrative data on the full population of English secondary school leavers between 2010 and 2013. To isolate the causal impact of exclusion from confounding factors, we employ an instrumental variables approach. Our instrument is academization, a reform program that gave schools increased autonomy over disciplinary procedures, thus quasi-randomly affecting a student's probability of being excluded.

Results

We find that schools significantly increased fixed-term exclusions by approximately 1 percentage point after academization. Our results show that fixed-term exclusions caused a 2.5 percentage point increase in the probability of a student being in youth custody by age 18.

Conclusions

This finding highlights a direct causal link between a common school disciplinary practice and a severe, long-term negative outcome for young people. It underscores the importance for policymakers and educators to recognize the potential risks associated with disciplinary procedures and the need for alternative, less harmful interventions.