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<p>Considering the increasing release of carcinogenic dyes into aquatic environments, there is an urgent need to develop effective adsorbents. This research addresses the issue by synthesizing novel melamine-based covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) containing oxalic acid (MOX), adipic acid (MAD), and a diacids mixture (MOX/MAD) under simple one-pot conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), and zeta potential (ZP) measurements were used to characterize CTFs, elucidating their morphology, composition, and physicochemical properties. The CTFs synthesized under optimized conditions (in DMSO at 150<sup>°</sup>C for 6 days) exhibited amorphous structure, high thermal stability, and an isoelectric point around pH 7. BET results for MOX indicated a high surface area and total volume of 530.66 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>− 1</sup> and 0.93 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively, making it a selected candidate for adsorption studies. Batch experiments demonstrated highly efficient removal of model dyes Congo red (CR) and Methylene blue (MB), achieving maximum adsorption capacities of 322.58 and 263.19 mg g<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively, at initial pH 6, and contact time of 10&#xa0;min. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic data were best fitted by the Langmuir model for CR and the Freundlich model for MB, with the pseudo-second-order model describing the kinetics for both dyes. Thermodynamic data indicated that dye adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous, that it was mainly a physisorption-controlled process. Moreover, MOX showed remarkable efficiency for simultaneous removal of CR and MB, achieving almost 100% removal within 1&#xa0;min over a wide pH range.</p>

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Oxalic acid-based covalent triazine framework for efficient, rapid, and simultaneous adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes from water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Somayeh Nasrian,
  • Massoumeh Bagheri

摘要

Considering the increasing release of carcinogenic dyes into aquatic environments, there is an urgent need to develop effective adsorbents. This research addresses the issue by synthesizing novel melamine-based covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) containing oxalic acid (MOX), adipic acid (MAD), and a diacids mixture (MOX/MAD) under simple one-pot conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), and zeta potential (ZP) measurements were used to characterize CTFs, elucidating their morphology, composition, and physicochemical properties. The CTFs synthesized under optimized conditions (in DMSO at 150°C for 6 days) exhibited amorphous structure, high thermal stability, and an isoelectric point around pH 7. BET results for MOX indicated a high surface area and total volume of 530.66 m2 g− 1 and 0.93 cm3 g− 1, respectively, making it a selected candidate for adsorption studies. Batch experiments demonstrated highly efficient removal of model dyes Congo red (CR) and Methylene blue (MB), achieving maximum adsorption capacities of 322.58 and 263.19 mg g− 1, respectively, at initial pH 6, and contact time of 10 min. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic data were best fitted by the Langmuir model for CR and the Freundlich model for MB, with the pseudo-second-order model describing the kinetics for both dyes. Thermodynamic data indicated that dye adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous, that it was mainly a physisorption-controlled process. Moreover, MOX showed remarkable efficiency for simultaneous removal of CR and MB, achieving almost 100% removal within 1 min over a wide pH range.