Gd-modified In₂O₃ for the enhanced xylene sensing

Modifying with rare earth elements has been proven to be an effective means of enhancing the gas-sensing properties of oxides. In this work, Gd-In₂O₃ based sensor was developed, which showed high response to 100 ppm xylene gas ( \({R}_{a}/{R}_{g}\) = 17.8) fast response time (11 s) at 350 °C, this response value was 5.4 times higher compared to the unmodified In₂O₃ sensor ( \({R}_{a}/{R}_{g}\) =3.3). The introduction of the rare earth element not only improves the electrical properties of the sensitive material to provide a more suitable resistance but also strengthens the gas adsorption ability and the catalytic effect on the surface of the sensitive material, leading to enhanced sensing performance.