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<p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as the “Third Pole” and “Roof of the World”, is a pivotal regulator of the Earth’s climate due to its vast high-altitude terrain, which drives atmospheric circulation, influences monsoon dynamics, and amplifies global climate feedbacks. Yet, comprehensive syntheses of the TP’s paleoclimate evolution-particularly spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Holocene-remain fragmented, thereby obscuring mechanistic links between regional climatic shifts and global forcings. To address this gap, we present a systematic review of lake and ice core-based paleoclimate records across the TP, covering the past 25,000&#xa0;years. By synthesizing multi-proxy datasets—including δ<sup>1</sup>⁸O, the Westerlies Climate Index, total organic carbon (TOC), sediment-transport indicators, glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) ratios, aquatic macrophyte index (Paq), aquatic biomarkers, lithic flux and effective-moisture reconstructions—we evaluate interactions among atmospheric circulation, monsoon variability, cryospheric changes, and radiative forcing components. Our synthesis highlights the TP’s dual sensitivity to both the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and mid-latitude westerlies, positioning it as a “climatic amplifier” of hemispheric-scale changes. Variations in solar insolation, ice-sheet feedbacks, and oceanic teleconnections primarily drove major transitions from glacial aridity to Holocene humidity. Spatial heterogeneity is evident, with the TP’s northwestern margins showing distinct responses to ISM variability. High-resolution ice-core and biomarker records further reveal abrupt climatic shifts-such as the Younger Dryas cooling and the Holocene Thermal Maximum- underscoring the plateau’s active role in global climate dynamics. To clarify Holocene patterns, we integrated well-dated regional records across the TP, revealing spatially variable responses to monsoon and westerly influence. Despite substantial progress, significant knowledge gaps remain: (1) sparse records from the TP’s northwestern interior limit understanding westerly-monsoon interactions; (2) dating uncertainties in loess and lake archives hinder precise event chronology; and (3) proxy-based temperature and precipitation signals remain challenging to disentangle. Future research should prioritize high-resolution, multi-proxy lake sediment records, particularly from underrepresented regions of the TP. Improved chronological control and the development of more sensitive, climate-specific proxies are essential to refine regional reconstructions. Such integrated approaches will improve our understanding of the TP’s climatic role and its vulnerability to ongoing anthropogenic warming.</p>

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Paleoclimate changes and the impacts of atmospheric circulation on the Tibetan Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum: review and perspective focusing on lake sediments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Muhammad Paryal,
  • Junbo Wang,
  • Atta Ullah,
  • Gulfam Hussain,
  • Dildi

摘要

The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as the “Third Pole” and “Roof of the World”, is a pivotal regulator of the Earth’s climate due to its vast high-altitude terrain, which drives atmospheric circulation, influences monsoon dynamics, and amplifies global climate feedbacks. Yet, comprehensive syntheses of the TP’s paleoclimate evolution-particularly spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Holocene-remain fragmented, thereby obscuring mechanistic links between regional climatic shifts and global forcings. To address this gap, we present a systematic review of lake and ice core-based paleoclimate records across the TP, covering the past 25,000 years. By synthesizing multi-proxy datasets—including δ1⁸O, the Westerlies Climate Index, total organic carbon (TOC), sediment-transport indicators, glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) ratios, aquatic macrophyte index (Paq), aquatic biomarkers, lithic flux and effective-moisture reconstructions—we evaluate interactions among atmospheric circulation, monsoon variability, cryospheric changes, and radiative forcing components. Our synthesis highlights the TP’s dual sensitivity to both the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and mid-latitude westerlies, positioning it as a “climatic amplifier” of hemispheric-scale changes. Variations in solar insolation, ice-sheet feedbacks, and oceanic teleconnections primarily drove major transitions from glacial aridity to Holocene humidity. Spatial heterogeneity is evident, with the TP’s northwestern margins showing distinct responses to ISM variability. High-resolution ice-core and biomarker records further reveal abrupt climatic shifts-such as the Younger Dryas cooling and the Holocene Thermal Maximum- underscoring the plateau’s active role in global climate dynamics. To clarify Holocene patterns, we integrated well-dated regional records across the TP, revealing spatially variable responses to monsoon and westerly influence. Despite substantial progress, significant knowledge gaps remain: (1) sparse records from the TP’s northwestern interior limit understanding westerly-monsoon interactions; (2) dating uncertainties in loess and lake archives hinder precise event chronology; and (3) proxy-based temperature and precipitation signals remain challenging to disentangle. Future research should prioritize high-resolution, multi-proxy lake sediment records, particularly from underrepresented regions of the TP. Improved chronological control and the development of more sensitive, climate-specific proxies are essential to refine regional reconstructions. Such integrated approaches will improve our understanding of the TP’s climatic role and its vulnerability to ongoing anthropogenic warming.